Moral Dichotomy: Coetzee’s Stance on Moral Dilemma in Postmodernist Society in Disgrace

Coetzee anticipates the moral dilemma of today's individuals, in order to achieve his aim torevert the current trends in moral philosophy which has marked morality with individual partialities. The morality of self/will has pervaded in the society with substantial philosophical argumentation as well. This research intends to study Dionysian morality in comparison with modern (Appolonian) principles of morality as presented by Coetzee. The research is planned to differentiate the two by presenting their roots with logical reasons; Nietzsche's conception of morality and the need of Freudian repression. In the context of Disgrace Coetzee developed his moral theory through circumstantial justice with such a force that all reasons given by Overman (Übermensch) of Nietzsche fail. The paper will unveil the relationship of power and the need for justice. Coetzee proves the importance of Freudian Repression Theory that makes everybody responsible for the concord in a society. The cultivation of Dionysian concept of life only brings disgrace to man, and such philosophies can only be supported when the individual is in power, vulnerability in the society makes man to understand the value of morality and exercise of proper judicial system. South Africal context of the novel situates the anticipation of Dionysian cult in more understanding way to the audience. To avoid social Darwinism, state institutions should come in action in order to ensure the equal power distribution among the masses. Uneven distribution of power creates only oppressors and victims in the society, which further lead society to chaos. Coetzee proves the importance of circumstantial justice over the institutional justice, as institutional justice can punish only but the transformation of transgressor only takes place with circumstantial justice and for the betterment of society, transformation provides better results than punishment because institutions do create a different power structures that also work to suppress people.

Genetic Analysis of Some Quality and Yield Contributing Traits in Bread Wheat under Drought Stress

Genetic analyses were conducted to understand the effect of drought in bread wheat. Genetic diversity is the base of any genetic improvement breeding program aimed at stress breeding. One hundred and five wheat genotypes were screened against drought stress using factorial completely randomized design at seedling stage. Significant variation was observed among all genotypes. Shoot length was non-significant and negatively correlated with all other traits except relative water content, so its selection seems not to be a promising criteria for this germplasm. Out of ten principal components (PCs), the first three PCs were significant under both conditions. They showed 74.6% and 76% variation under normal and drought conditions respectively. The ten drought tolerant and five drought susceptible genotypes were selected based on their performance and further analyzed in (10) line × tester (5) mating design for genetic studies. Among parents, the line G1-9493 (L1) and the tester G3-9508 (T1) proved good general combiners for most of the yield contributing traits under both environments. Among the crosses, the G1-9493×G3-9508 (L1×T1) was ideal specific combination for most of the quality and yield related traits under both conditions. Non-additive gene action was more prominent in the inheritance for traits studied. Using 95 SSR markers determined the gene diversity and polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranging from 0.41 and 0.33 to 0.90 and 0.89 respectively, indicating the significant level of genetic diversity. The maximum PIC value 0.89 and lowest PIC value 0.33 were found among the genomes A and D respectively. Genetic diversity among homeologous genomes ranked as: genome A> B> D, based upon PIC values. The studied genotypes divided into four genetically different subgroups based on STRUCTURE Bayesian and DARWIN analysis. According to this analysis, group 1, group 2 and group 3 had 2, 4 and 4 drought tolerant genotypes respectively while group 4 had 4 drought susceptible genotypes. The information generated through SSR markers showed their potentiality for determining genetic diversity and would be helpful in selecting desirable genotypes for obtaining promising results. The present investigations also showed a clear-cut identity of genotypes, which would be of great utility for the protection of Plant Breeder’s Rights. The superior genotype G1-9493 and cross G1-9493×G3-9508 can be combined to develop new promising and improved varieties under water stress conditions.