Essential oils are plant‘s secondary metabolites that are known for their fragrance and food flavour properties.These odoriferous oils offer a promising potential for multiple applications such as in the fields of agriculture, food, cosmetics, medicine, pharmaceutical industry and aromatherapy. Chemistry and biological attributes of essential oils are deemed to be varied not only among different varieties of the same plant speciesnevertheless different agro-climatic conditions also affect the biochemical composition of the oils due to morphological diversity of the plants.In the present dissertation, selected medicinal herbs such as Mentha spicata, Menthapiperitta, O.basilicum Lamiaceae] andC.citratus[Poaceae], harvested from different geographicalzones of Punjab, Pakistan, were evaluated for yield, physicochemical and biological potential of their oils which were produced by two different methods including hdrodistillation (HD) and supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE). Gas chromatography attached with flame ionization detector (FID) and Gas chromatography fitted with mass spectrometry (MS)analyses of chemical costituents of volatile oils showed the presence of different types of oxygenated monoterpene (OM), monoterpene hydrocarbon (MH), sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (SH), oxygenated sesquiterpene (OS) and phenyl propanoid (PP).Depending upon the isolation mode, the tested essential oils exhibited a promising extent of antioxidant and antimicrobial and hemolytic activities, total phenolics and total flavonoids contents.With respect to different harvesting such as drought stressed, hilly, arid and irrigated regions, the tested essential oils revealed considerable differences in yield, chemical composition, TPC, TFC and biological properties that can be linked to varying agro-ecological parameters of the regions under study.Generally, the essential oilsextracted from the drought stressed region leave samples presented superior antimicrobial and hemolytic actions while,samples from hilly regions exhibited a greater range of antioxidant potential and total phenolics and flavonoids. A significant variation noted in the percentage yield,volatiles chemical composition and biological properties/actionscan be related to theirvariable chemical profiling resulted from morphologicaldiversity of the plants.
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ﷺ
زمیں سے عرش کی جانب سفر وہؐ کرتے گئے
غبارِ راہ کو رشکِ قمر وہؐ کرتے گئے
مری خطائوں سے صرفِ نظر وہؐ کرتے گئے
کرم کے کب تھا میں قابل مگر وہؐ کرتے گئے
جواب دیتے گئے چارہ گر زمانے کے
علاج و چارئہ زخمِ جگر وہؐ کرتے گئے
وہ جنؐ کی نسبتِ عالی پہ ناز ہے مجھ کو
مری کتابِ عمل معتبر وہؐ کرتے گئے
ورا زمان و مکاں سے ہے رحمتِ کونینؐ
کرم کی بارشیں آٹھوں پہر وہؐ کرتے گئے
لبوں پہ نورِ مجسمؐ کی نعت رکھتا ہوں
شبِ سیاہ کو نورِ سحر وہؐ کرتے گئے
کہاں کہاں ہے قدم رکھ کے چلنا دنیا میں
قدم قدم پہ جہاں کو خبر وہؐ کرتے گئے
شعاعِ مہرِ رسالت پڑی ہے جس جس پر
اُسی اُسی کو مثالِ گہر وہؐ کرتے گئے
یہ معجزئہ حبیبِ خداؐ ہے اے عرفانؔ!
ہوا ہے ِقبلہ اُدھر رُخ جدھر وہؐ کرتے گئے
کی عرض ؛ حرفِ ثنا کیجئے عطا آقاؐ!
نزول نعت کا عرفانؔ پر وہؐ کرتے گئے
The aim of this paper is to discuss some economic Islamic models given by some prestigious Islamic economists. The Islamic model is one of the examples for international economies in the starting of new millennium. It has its evaluation in the 1970s as an alternate to conventional banking system. The model is based on profit loss sharing and would not be based on interest. The study will focus on the proposed model and will discuss the issues that the model will be supposed to address. It was also address whether the model is applicable to Pakistan economy or not it will also be discussed. As we know that there is dual banking system in Pakistan. In order to make banking system to be truly Islam, there should be legal prohibition of riba. In other words, riba should be made unlawful and whoever deals with it can be prosecuted by law. By prohibiting riba, it will force the bank to be more creative in offering financing products rather than just loaning money. The study will attempt to show the comparison between conventional system and Islamic financial and discusses whether the Islamic system works smoothly on the economy of Pakistan. It also shows that Pakistan should change its dual banking system in Islamic banking system to change structure change. In addition, Islamic financing contract require real activities to be created. There will not be loans to finance extravagance lifestyle which is the source of bankruptcies among the younger generation. It is strongly recommended that Pakistan should enforce truly Islamic financial system to sustain its economy and avoid another economic crisis in the future.
The study dealing with petrography, lithofacies and sedimentology of Tiyon formation help in correlation regionally and globally. During the Early-Middle Eocene rapid transgression and locally regression in Southern Lower Indus Basin deposited limestone interbedded shale in Tiyon formation in between Laki and Kirthar Formation. The main lithofacies distributed in Tiyon formation is limestone, nodular and marly limestone, highly fossilifereous with interbedded silty calcareous shale. The microfacies are mudstone, wackstone, packstone and grainstone with dominant Alveolinids, Assilina and Nummulities. The fauna are well preserved in similar lithofacies with minor change in France, Alpine, Himalayan and Indo-Pacific region. The Litho-biofacies of Tiyon formation indicates the marine transgression during Lutetian, west to east from Paris Basin through Libya, Egypt, Oman, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Sindh, Salt Range, Kutch, Rajasthan and Assam to Indonesia. The basal and middle part of the Tiyon formation yields Paracypris maridonalis, Paracypris sapperi, Schizoptocythere sp., Stigmatocythere oblique ostracods which are correlated to Saudi Arabia, Salt Range, Sor Range of Baluchistan and Kutch (India) area but in the middle to upper part Bairoloppilata and Krithe rutoti are common in Paris, Belgium and England. The presence of abundant gastropod species Velates perversus in European countries also confirms the Lutetian transgression from west to east Tethys. The upper part of Tiyon formation consists of Alveolina elongata, Nummulities obtusus, N. pinfoldi and N. perforatus indicates the Late Lutetian - Early Bartonian. The Tiyon formation is correlated with Pir Koh Limestone, lower part of Drazinda shale of Zinda Pir, Drug area (D.G. Khan) Punjab, basal shale unit of the Kirthar Formation and upper most beds of Ghazij Shale exposed in the Sore-Range, Chorgali Formation, Kuldana Formation, Basal part of Kohat formation and Sakesar Formation The Tiyon formation is the unit of Chat member of Laki Formation. This distinct lithological unit with different stratigraphic position should be formalized as a separate formation. The Tiyon formation is deposited in inner to outer platform with normal salinity, clear and warm water conditions most appropriate for the flourishing of shallow marine faunal assemblages. The age of Tiyon formation represent the Late Ypresian-Early Bartonian stage of Middle Eocene.