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Home > Bioecology and Population Studies Through Life Table Technique of Eysarcorine Sucking Fauna of Karachi and Adjacent Areas and Their Safe Management Strategies

Bioecology and Population Studies Through Life Table Technique of Eysarcorine Sucking Fauna of Karachi and Adjacent Areas and Their Safe Management Strategies

Thesis Info

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Author

Hussain, Syed Ikhlaq

Program

PhD

Institute

Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Zoology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13521/1/Syed%20Ikhlaq%20Hussain_Zoology_FUUAST.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725613575

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The importance of fodder crops in agriculture are very valuable and need regular supply of nutritious food for the development of livestock. The maximum number of animals depend upon the fodders and residue crops for their food in Pakistan. Medicago sativa (lucerne) and Ocimum basilicum (basil) belong to the family Leguminacae and Lamiaceae respectively. Both have economic importance in all over the world due to the animal’s food. Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi are the vulnerable sucking pests of Ocimum basilicum and Medicago sativa. Adults and instars of both pests badly damage the host plants specially flowers and soft leaves with their modified mouth parts. Due to the piercing and sucking habit, growth of flowers and seeds are reduced. It is observed that most of the field workers grown Ocimum basilicum around the field of vegetables or main crops in Pakistan. Because, this practice help them to protect their main crops from the attack of Hermolaus modestus, Hermolaus ocimumi and other pests. In the present study, experiments were conducted on Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi from July-2012 to Dec-2012, july-2013 to Dec-2013, july-2014 to Dec-2014 and from August-2012 to December-2012, August-2013 to December-13, and August-14 to December-14 respectively in three different years in accordance to the field data of Southwood (1978). Horizontal life table is the fundamental method for the determination of severe infection. The biotic and abiotic factors were involved during whole life cycle for both pests, but humidity and temperature were found correlated with mortality of both pests in the laboratory. The survivorship curves with some deviations were constructed in this work resembled with the type III and IV of Slobodkin (1962). The vulnerability for Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi was observed in initial 1st and 2nd instars in the life table. The large number of adults of H.modestus was found alive in the month of September-2012, September-2013 and adults of Hermolaus ocimumi was observed alive in September-2013 and October-2013, but this alive quantity was less than Hermolaus modestus. The minimum fertility for Hermolaus modestus was 10 eggs per female in July due to the high humidity and the maximum fertility of 14 eggs per female in September due to the high temperature. The minimum fertility for Hermolaus ocimumi was 8 eggs per female in October due to low humidity and high temperature. The maximum fertility of 14 eggs per female in December for Hermolaus ocimumi due to low temperature. The net reproductive rate was highest as 6904 in September-12 for Hermolaus modestus and as 1947 in September-2013 for Hermolaus ocimumi. The net reproductive rate was found to be lowest as 49 in November-2013 for Hermolaus modestus due to low temperature and was 430 in October-2014 for Hermolaus ocimumi due to low humidity. Mean generation time found between 30 to 32 days in all generations for Hermolaus modestus. Mean generation time for Hermolaus ocimumi was minimum as 21 days in December-2012 and was highest as 33 days in November-2012 and October-2014. The highest value of intrinsic rate of increase for Hermolaus modestus was 0.2919 in Sep- 2014 and for Hermolaus ocimumi was 0.3433 in December-2012. The intrinsic rate of increase for Hermolaus modestus was lowest as 0.1218 in November-2013 and was 0.1837 for Hermolaus ocimumi in October-2014. The population dynamics showed high density during August and September and low density during November for adults of Hermolaus modestus. Population density for adults of Hermolaus ocimumi found in between the range of 85 to 348 in all generations. The synthetic pesticides deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin and the natural pesticide biosal were used in this research and determined the toxic effect after 24 hrs by using the filter paper impregnation method. The Log-probit graph paper was used for the determination of LC50s for deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin and biosal. The mean percent mortalities were calculated statistically with 95% confidence limit. One way ANOVA was used for checking of significance level. The LC50 of biosal, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin were determined for adult of H. modestus 6.45, 0.00004 and 0.349 ߤg/cm2 and for adult of H. ocimumi 6.2, 0.0106 and 0.225 ߤg/cm2 respectively. The one way ANOVA was rejected the null hypothesis for all mentioned cases. It implies that the different concentration levels of all treated pesticides were not equal. The mean of multiple comparison test were performed to find those pairs that were not equal. The results suggested that the means of all case almost significantly differ to each other. The value of one way ANOVA for biosal against adult of H. modestus and H. ocimumi were found to be F (5, 12) = 53.328 P˂ 0.001 and F (6, 28) = 94.158, P˂ 0.001respectively. The value of one way ANOVA for deltamethrin were found F (5, 12) = 271.425, P˂ 0.001 and F (6, 28) = 35.379, P˂ 0.001 against adult of H. modestus and H. ocimumi respectively. The value of ANOVA for lambda cyhalothrin were estimated as F (5, 12) = 47.723, P˂ 0.001 and F (6, 28) = 182.402, P˂ 0.001 against H. modestus and H. ocimumi respectively. Treatment of all pesticides against Hermolaus modestus showed the sequence of toxicity potential was deltamethrin > lambda cyhalothrin > biosal. Toxicity potential of pesticides against Hermolaus ocimumi also was deltamethrin > lambda cyhalothrin > biosal. In the recent work, the total contents of protein in adults of Hermolaus modestus were found to be 68.94% when treated with biosal, 95.392% after the treatment of deltamethrin and 75.42% when treated with lambda cyhalothrin. ANOVA showed that F (3, 8) = 2.172 E3, P˂ 0.001. Multiple comparison test (LSD) was used to find out those pairs that were not equal, due to the rejection of null hypothesis. The potency of pesticides to inhibit the total protein contents in adults of Hermolaus modestus was deltamethrin > lambda cyhalothrin > biosal. The values of total protein contents in adults of Hermolaus ocimumi were found to be 43.964%, 75.798% and 84.75% after the treatment of biosal, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin respectively. ANOVA showed that F (3, 8) = 55.645, P˂ 0.001. . Multiple comparison test (LSD) was used to find out those pairs that were not equal, due to the rejection of null hypothesis. The potency of pesticides to inhibit the total protein contents in adults of Hermolaus ocimumi was lambda cyhalothrin> deltamethrin > biosal. The estimation of the GOT inhibition in the adults of Hermolaus modestus was found to be 1.325%, 66.044% and 16.381% after the treatment with biosal, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin respectively. ANOVA showed the value of F (3, 8) = 7.844 E3, P˂ 0.001. The GOT inhibition in the adults of Hermolaus ocimumi was found to be 21.169%, 52.355% and 28.713% after the treatment of three pesticides biosal, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin respectively. ANOVA showed that F (3, 8) = 2.443 E3, P˂ 0.001. Multiple comparison test (LSD) was used to find out those pairs that were not equal, due to the rejection of null hypothesis of ANOVA. The estimation of GPT in the adults of Hermolaus modestus was showed inhibition as 10.742%, 26.933% and 52.424% with the treatment of biosal, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin respectively. ANOVA mentioned the value of F (3, 7) = 235.809, P˂ 0.001. The GPT estimation was showed decreased in the adults of Hermolaus ocimumi as 22.42%, 31.16% and 47.33% after the treatment of biosal, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin respectively. ANOVA showed that F (3, 8) = 283.600, P˂ 0.001. Multiple comparison test (LSD) was used to find out those pairs that were not equal, due to the rejection of null hypothesis.
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باب دوم: ماحولیاتی تحفظ کا مطالعہ

ماحولیات کا تعارف

ماحول کو عربی زبان میں "بیئۃ" کہا جاتا ہے۔ ا س کا مادہ "بوأ " ہے۔

صاحب "معجم الوسیط" رقمطراز ہیں:

" (البيئة) الْمنزل وَالْحَال وَيُقَال بيئة طبيعية وبيئة اجتماعية وبيئة سياسية"[1]

 احمد بن خلیل اپنی تالیف "کتاب العین" میں کرتے ہیں:

"بوأ:الباءةُ والمَباءة: منزل القوم حين يَتَبَوَّءُونَ في قِبَلِ وادٍ، أو سَنَد جَبَلٍ، ويقال: [بل هو] كلّ منزلِ يَنْزِلُه القَوْم، يقال: تَبَوَّءُوا منزلا.. وقال تعالى: وَلَقَدْ بَوَّأْنا بَنِي إِسْرائِيلَ مُبَوَّأَ صِدْقٍ "[2]

 ابو نصر فارابی ؒ لکھتے ہیں:

"[بوأ]المباءة: منزل القوم في كل موضع، ويسمى كِناس الثور الوحشي: مباءةً "[3]

احمد بن فارس الرازی رقمطراز ہیں:

" (بَوَأَ) الْبَاءُ وَالْوَاوُ وَالْهَمْزَةُ أَصْلَانِ: أَحَدُهُمَا الرُّجُوعُ إِلَى الشَّيْءِ، وَالْآخَرُ تَسَاوِي الشَّيْئَيْنِ.فَالْأَوَّلُ الْبَاءَةُ وَالْمَبَاءَةُ، وَهِيَ مَنْزِلَةُ الْقَوْمِ"[4]

ابن الاثیرؒ (م606ھ) ماحول کی لغوی تشریح فرماتے ہیں:

"مَنْ كَذب عَلَيَّ مُتَعَمِّداً فَلْيَتَبَوَّأْ مَقعده مِنَ النَّارِ قَدْ تَكَرَّرَتْ هَذِهِ اللَّفْظَةُ فِي الْحَدِيثِ، وَمَعْنَاهَا لِيَنْزِلْ مَنْزِلَه مِنَ النَّارِ، يُقَالُ بَوَّأَهُ اللَّهُ مَنْزِلا، أَيْ أسْكنَه إيَّاه، وتَبَوَّأْتُ منزِلا، أَيِ اتَّخَذْته، والمَبَاءَة: الْمَنْزِلُ"[5]

مذکورہ بالا مباحث سے معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ ٹھکانہ، مسکن، ارد گرد کے مقامات، رہائش کا مقام وغیرہ ماحول کے مفہوم میں شامل ہیں۔ "بَوَّأَ" کا معنی ٹھکانہ، قیام کی جگہ، منزل، مسکن، رہنے سہنے کامقام یعنی ماحول ہے۔ماحول اتنا اہمیت کا حامل ہے کہ کتاب اللہ میں بھی ماحول کو مختلف زاویوں سے ذکر کیا گیاہے۔ کلام ِ ربانی میں ماحول کے تذکرہ سے اس کی افادیت کا اندازہ کیا جاسکتا ہے۔

 ارشاد باری تعالیٰ ہے:

" وَالَّذِيْنَ هَاجَرُوْا فِي اللّٰهِ مِنْۢ بَعْدِ مَا ظُلِمُوْا لَنُبَوِّئَنَّهُمْ...

الأحاديث التي حكم عليها الإمام البغوي بالنكـارة مـن خلال كتابه (شـرح السنة)

يهدف هذا البحث إلى إبراز جهود الإمام البغوي في الأحاديث التي حكم عليها بالنكـارة، مـن خلال كتابه: (شـرح السنة)، كما أنه يحُرر في هذا البحث: المقصود بالمـنكر، وأنواعه، وحكمه عـند العلماء المتخصصين مـن المتقدمين في علم الحديث. وقد استخدمت الباحثة المـنهج الاستقرائي والمـنهج التحليلي. وقد وصلت الباحثة إلى مجموعة مـن النتائج أبرزها: أن المراد بالمـنكر عـند الإمام البغوي هو: الذي يتفرد به المتروك أو مـن اشتد ضعفه، حيث قد اعتمد في حكمه بالنكـارة على مـن سبقه مـن المحدثين، كـالإمام البخاري، والإمام الترمذي، وكـل الأحاديث مورد الدراسة قد حصلت فيها النكـارة مـن جهة السند، وما يزال الباب مُشـرعاً أمام الباحثين في استكمال تحرير مصطلحات علم الدراية وتطبيقها عـند الإمام البغوي مـن خلال مصنفاته. الكـلمات المفتاحية: النكـارة، الأمام البغوي، كتاب شـرح السنة.

Isolation and Characterization of Novel Indigenous Fungal Strain and Optimization of Cellulase Complex for Hyperactivity

The recent research is highlighted the fungal species screening for cellulase production using agricultural waste materials, rotten fruits and vegetable. The purpose of this study was to investigate hyper-production of cellulase complex from screened indigenous local strain of Aspergillus tubingensis IMMIS2, extracted from rotten tomato. Congo red test and zone of clearance method were used to confirm the cellulase complex production from this novel isolate of Aspergillus tubingensis IMMIS2. Three Aspergillus species and all Trichoderma species revealed cellulase production. Aspergillus tubingensis IMMIS2 revealed maximum beta-glucosidase production (78±0.4 µg/mL/min) as compared to exoglucanase and endoglucanase and selected for further study.Corn stover revealed maximum cellulase activity (81±1.5 µg/mL/min) after screening six substrates. Aspergillus tubingensis IMMIS2 is a filamentous fungal strain and its cellulase activity was measured on carboxy-methyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose powder, and filter paper used as substrates with Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. The optimum temperature, pH and incubation time were analyzed to be 40 ºC, 4.8, 96 hours with cellulase activity of 86.4±2.1 µg/mL/min produced from Aspergillus tubingensis-IMMIS2. Crude cellulase revealed maximum activity (112 µg/mL/min) with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using 40mm mesh size substrate, 8g substrate, 80% moisture, 5mL inoculum, 0.5g urea, 0.1g KCl, 0.1g CaCl2 and 0.06g MgSO4 using Aspergillus tubingensis IMMIS2. Optimization of cellulase production through RSM revealed that most of the organic and inorganic parameter had significant impact on cellulase production using Aspergillus tubingensis IMMIS2. Cellulase revealed maximum activity (116 µg/mL/min) with Taguchi method using 80mm mesh size substrate, 5g substrate, 50% moisture, 3mL inoculum, 0.1g urea, 0.2g KCl, 0.3g CaCl2 and 0.01g MgSO4 using Aspergillus tubingensis-IMMIS2.Optimization of cellulase production showed that some parameters had non-significant impact on cellulase yield. Ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis used for partial purification of cellulase and quantity was confirmed by Biuret method. The purification factor increased from 2.12 to 5.14 with ammonium sulfate dialysis and gel filtration chromatography. Characterization of cellulase revealed that maximum activity (130.5±0.43 µg/mL/min & 133.5±0.35 µg/mL/min) was achieved at pH 4.5 and temperature 40ᵒ C, respectively. The SDS PAGE results confirmed that molecular weight of cellulase was 76 kDa. Immobilization technique was applied to enhance the stability and catalytic activity of cellulase. The immobilized and free cellulase characterization proved to enhance the thermo-stability to 82 % at 75 °C as compared to free cellulase enzyme after 26 h of incubation. Immobilization through xerogel matrix and calcium alginate incredibly increased the catalytic activity of cellulase than that of free enzyme. Cellulase activity was decreased after the 20th day of incubation of the both immobilized surfaces (calcium alginate & xerogel). Maximum cellulase activity was achieved at pH 4.5 (174 ± 0.3 µg/mL/min) and temperature 45 °C (179 ± 0.4 µg/mL/min) for xerogel matrix. Xerogel immobilization method revealed the lowest Km value as compared to free and calcium alginate immobilization. Calcium alginate and xerogel matrix immobilization increased tolerance capacity of cellulase to 75−82 % against activating agents / inhibitors like Mg+2, EDTA, SDS and Hg+. Xerogel and calcium alginate immobilization revealed good fruit scarification and hence immobilization method could be a good candidate for food industry. Cellulases are employed in food, textile, biofuel, feed and dairy industries in Pakistan.