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Home > Catalytic Hydrocracking of Waste Plastics to Liquid Fuels

Catalytic Hydrocracking of Waste Plastics to Liquid Fuels

Thesis Info

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Author

Munir, Dureem

Program

PhD

Institute

University of the Punjab

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Chemical Engineering

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12559/1/Dureem%20munir%20uop%20lhr%20chemical%20engg%202018.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725665312

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The worldwide production of plastic products has been increasing rapidly over the last few decades. This increase in plastic production has resulted in gigantic amount of plastic waste. Conventional methods for waste plastic management such as landfilling and incineration are susceptible to many environmental hazards that necessitate the need of recycling of plastic wastes. Chemical recycling methods are encouraged all over the world and hydrocracking is the most advantageous process among them. Hydrocracking occurs at low temperatures and converts waste plastics into high quality liquid fuel. In the present work, hydrocracking of a municipal waste model plastic mixture is studied using inhouse synthesized mesoporous and composite catalysts. Commercial zeolite USY (CBV720), ZSM-5 (CBV2314), and beta (CP811C-300) catalysts are used to prepare their respective micro-mesoporous composite catalysts. Al-SBA-15 and various Al-SBA-16 catalysts are synthesized with increased acidic character. Some mesoporous composite catalysts with zeolite nano-seeds are also prepared. The catalysts are characterized by using SEM, TEM, XRD, EDX, N2-BET, FTIR, and py-FTIR techniques. The results of characterizations showed the desired form of the catalysts. In order to screen out some of the catalysts, hydrocracking experiments with the model plastic mixture are conducted in a high pressure autoclave reactor. Initial experiments are performed at initial cold hydrogen pressure of 20 bar, 60 min residence time, feed to catalyst ratio of 20:1 (by wt.), and at various levels of temperature (350‒425°C). The products of the reactions are analyzed for conversion and yields of gas, oil (n-heptane soluble portion of liquid), and liquid. The oil produced is further analyzed with GC-FID and FTIR analysis. On the basis of conversion and selectivity towards liquid enriched with gasoline, five best performing catalysts are chosen for additional experimentation. These catalysts are then tested with HDPE and actual waste plastic mixture. Stability of these five supports is evaluated by using spent catalysts and regenerated spent catalysts from a previous run. Two catalysts performed remarkably well in all these experiments. The two catalysts are the composite of zeolite ZSM-5 (ZC-FP) and the composite of zeolite beta (BC27). The five best catalysts are then impregnated with 0.5wt% of platinum to prepare their respective bifunctional catalysts. The performance of these five platinum impregnated catalysts is then evaluated by hydrocracking the model plastic mixture at three reaction temperatures (325°C, 350°C, and 375°C). It is found that after platinum impregnation all the catalysts produced higher conversion and higher gaseous yield than that of their corresponding catalysts without impregnation. The quality of oil obtained over these platinum catalysts is much better with higher amounts of alkanes, lower amounts of aromatics, and lower quantities of unsaturated compounds. Among these impregnated catalysts PtBC27 produced the highest liquid yield with increased gasoline content. This catalyst is then tested with actual waste plastic mixture at 60 min residence time, 20 bar initial cold hydrogen pressure, feed to catalyst ratio of 20:1 (by wt.), and reaction temperature of 375°C. It is observed that this catalyst delivered 90.1wt% conversion and 68.6wt% liquid yield with gasoline content of 65.8wt%. In parallel reactions, ZC-FP catalysts is impregnated with different combinations of metals and tested with model plastic mixture at 325°C, 350°C, and 375°C. It is found that CoRuZC-FP catalyst produced the highest liquid yield at 375°C. However, its oil contained lower quantity of gasoline than that obtained over PtZC-FP and PtPdZCFP catalysts. The ZC-FP catalyst is also used to investigate the effect of change in initial cold hydrogen pressure, catalyst amount, and residence time at different reaction temperatures. This data is then used to study the kinetics of the hydrocracking reaction. The regression of the experimental data is carried out and a simple kinetic model is developed where the activation energy for the hydrocracking reaction is found to be 236.8 kJ/mol. Finally, a commercial hydrocracking unit is conceptualized and a process flow diagram of the process is developed.
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منشی احترام علی کاکوروی

منشی احترام علی کاکوروی 
افسوس ہے کہ منشی احترام علی صاحب کاکوروی نے ایک طویل علالت کے بعد انتقال کیا، وہ ایک نامور باپ منشی احتشام علی صاحب مرحوم رئیس کاکوروی کے فرزند اور خود بھی بڑی خوبیوں کے انسان تھے، دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء سے ان کو موروثی تعلق تھا، وہ اس کے معتمد مال تھے، ایک زمانہ میں لکھنؤ کے مقامی قومی کاموں میں بھی حصہ لیتے تھے، لیکن ادھر کچھ دونوں سے خانہ نشینی کی زندگی اختیار کرلی تھی لکھنؤ کا مسلم یونیورسٹی کنونشن ان ہی کی کوشش کا نتیجہ تھا، وہ پشتینی رئیس تھے، لیکن طبعاً نہایت متواضع، خلیق اور شرفائے اودھ کی تہذیب و شرافت کا نمونہ تھے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، فروری ۱۹۶۶ء)

قراءات متواترہ وشاذہ سے تفسیر قرآن

Among different ways of exegeting based on narrative method (Tafseer bil-Ma’thoor), the most reliable form is to interpret the Quran by Quran itself. There are numerous ways in which Quran elaborates its meaning one of which is the use of Qira’aat (i.e. Dialectical method). The use of different variations of reciting Quranic words elaborates its meaning. An important point to note here is that the difference in Qira’aat corroborates the diversity in the meaning and their comprehensiveness not their inconformity. Qira’aat are categorized by the scholars in two categories: There are those that are narrated and transmitted by multiplicity (Tawaatur) while others do not fulfill such criteria and are therefore denoted by the term (Shaazzah). This papers seeks to substantiate the method of interpreting the Quran by both forms of Qiraa’aat and concludes that both of these were actually revealed by Allah and are both reliable in terms of exegeting the Quranic text

بررسی منقبت سرایی فارسی اھل بیت اطھار ع در شبہ قارہ از آغاز تا دورہ معغول

‘’ A study of Manqabat Seraie Farsi Ahle- Bait in the Sub-Continent” (From beginning to Mughal Era) The term “Manqabat” means “Praise the character and sacrifices of the Holy prophet (PBUH) and His innocent progeny, the AHLE-E-BAIT (A.S). No Muslim can deny the fact that the Holy Prophet (PBUH) gave so much importance to His family that He (ﷺ) asked only the love of Muslims to His household(Ahle Bait), the only reward for His mission of prophethood. Quran and Sunnah of prophet (ﷺ) are witness to this. Both Quran and prophet’s Households are like heart of Islam. Many verses of Holy Quran and Hadiths of Prophet Muhammad has explained its importance. Manqabat started in Arabic language in the land of Hijaz with the conquest of Iran. Arabic culture, language and Islamic traditions spread in the area, and soon Hamd,Naat,and Manqabat-e Ahle Bait started in Persian poetry. Many famous poets started writing Manqabat. In short, one can say that saying of Naat and Manqabat of Ahle-e- Bait (A.S) is an ongoing journey that will continue. Writing of Manqabat-e Ahle Bait (A.S) started in early seventh century in Indian sub-continent, poets like Khusro, Saib, Ghalib and Meer Taqi Meer have contributed significantly and made the subject more broader and wider. Khawaja Bakhtiar Kaki, Khawaja Moeen-ud-din Chisti and Bu Ali Qalandar are among prominent personalities who wrote manqbat in Persian language in sub-continent. Persian poetry has contributed a prominent part in Naat writing, yet a lot of work has to be done in the field of writing Manqabat-e-Ahle –Bait (A.S) from Salateen era to the year 1857. Hence this research work was carried out. The thesis starts with introduction, in which the meaning of Manqabat- e-Ahle Bait is explained in the light of Quran, Sunnah and sayings of Sahaba (R.A). The thesis is further divided into different chapters. Chapter one starts with the introduction of poetry work of poets of Salateen era (1014-1525 A.D) according to year wise. The number of poets in this chapter are 15. In chapter two, the poetic work of Mughal period with special reference to Manqabat from the year 1525 to 1706 (A.D) is given in year wise. The total number of poets in this near are 22. Chapter three is more elaborative than the previous ones. The era starts from the year 1706 to 1857. The poetic work in The field of Manqabat- e – Ahle Bait (A.S) is given year wise. The total number of poets in this era are 62. This research is a little contribution in Manqabat - e - Ahle Bait (A.S), acceptance is its reward and may be is prayer. I am very much thankful to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Shahid, Dean, Faculty of Languages, Islamic and Oriental Learning, Chairperson, Department of Persian, GCU Lahore for his valuable suggestions/guidance and time to time positive criticism which brought this research work to a fruitful end.