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Home > Charaterization and Utilization of Citrus Wastes As Value Added Fruit Leather

Charaterization and Utilization of Citrus Wastes As Value Added Fruit Leather

Thesis Info

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Author

Mehmood, Tariq

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Food Science & Technology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13584/1/Tariq_Mehmood_Food_Technology_HSR_2017_UAF_26.03.2018.docx

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725702982

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In current research work, locally grown citrus wastes (peel and bagasse) were characterized through compositional analysis followed by preparation of citrus waste enriched fruit leather. After that, biokinetic trial was carried out to evaluate the prophylatic potential of citrus waste with special reference to hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia on Sprague Dawley rats. In this context, chemical analysis proved that citrus peel is an excellent source of inorganic matter. Regarding the phytochemical profiling, citrus peel as well as bagasse showed highest activity in methanol extract followed by ethanol and water. On the other hand grapefruit peel and bagasse proved to have maximum polyphenols followed by oranges and musami. The methanolic extract of grapefruit peel showed maximum values of TPC 206.53±6.82 mg GAE/ 100 g, Flavonoids 83.06±2.74 mg QE/100 g, DPPH 62.80±2.07%, antioxidant activity 58.13±1.92%, ABTS 10.35±0.34 µmole TE/g, iron chelation 18.54±0.61%, superoxide anion 34.62±1.14% and hydrogen peroxide 55.90±1.84%. The same trend was observed in the methanolic extract of grapefruit bagasse. Furthermore, the bioactive entities, hesperidin and nobiletin quantified through HPLC showed maximum hesperidin in methanolic extract of grapefruit peel and bagasse i.e. 28.51 and 7.40 mg/g in peel and bagasse respectively. Similarly, the nobiletin was maximum 9.92 mg/g in methanolic extract of grapefruit peel and 2.78 mg/g in methanolic extract of grapefruit bagasse. On the basis of in vitro analyses and HPLC quantification methanolic extract of grapefruit peel and bagasse were selected for the preparation of citrus enriched fruit leather that was further used in bio-efficacy trail. Accordingly two types of fruit leathers were prepared using methanolic extract of citrus peel and bagasse @ 5% against control. The prepared fruit leather was assessed for physico-chemical analysis, antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation on monthly basis during storage of four months. During storage interval pH, acidity, TPC and DPPH changed significantly however, all other parameters changed non-momentously. The hedonic response of citrus enriched fruit leather showed that the best results were obtained by T1 (fruit leather with 5% grapefruit peel extract) followed by T2 (fruit leather with 5% grapefruit bagasse extract) and T0 (control fruit leather). After that, the valuation of hesperidin was evaluated by the biokinetic trial of experimental rat modeling. The biokinetic study was comprised of three studies i.e. normal study (study 1) fed on chow diet, hypercholesterolemic study (study II) fed on chow diet with 1.5% cholesterol and hyperglycemic study (study III) feeding on chow diet with 40% sucrose. All the studies were further divided into three groups categorized on the basis of diet. 1st group fed on control fruit leather, 2nd on fruit leather prepared with 5% grapefruit peel extract and 3rd on fruit leather prepared with 5% grapefruit bagasse extract. During the 60 days efficacy trials, the feed intake & drink intakes along with body weight changed significantly. Moreover, in hypercholesterolemic study (study II) the cholesterol level decreased momentously as 14.42% and 10.65% by grapefruit peel extract (T1) and grapefruit bagasse extract enriched fruit leather (T2). Likewise, the LDL level was 60.62±2.24 mg/dL in control group that reduced to 51.93±1.92 in T1 and 54.05±2.00 mg/dL in T2. Moreover, the grapefruit waste impart non-significant effect on HDL however, triglycerides level decreased 11.34% by T1 and 10.40% by T2. The same trend was observed in hyperglycemic study (study III) in which glucose level decreased from 141.53±4.95 to 116.90±4.09 mg/dL by grapefruit peel extract enriched fruit leather and 128.52±4.15 mg/dL by grapefruit bagasse extract enriched fruit leather. Similarly, the insulin level increased 10.32 and 5.07% in T1 and T2. The liver functioning tests as AST, ALT & ALP and kidney functioning tests (urea and creatinine levels) remained non-significant in all the studies by the supplementation of both fruit leathers. Moreover, neither grapefruit peel extract enriched fruit leather nor grapefruit bagasse enriched fruit leather impart any harmful effect on the biochemistry of blood as proved by the hematological analyses. Conclusively, it is stated that citrus wastes based fruit leathers are effectual to mitigate health related disorders.
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تمنا ئے دیدارِ مرشد

تمنا ئے دیدار مرشد
تیرے شہر میں ہم بھی آئیں گے
قسمت نے دیا ساتھ تو دیدار بھی پائیں گے

تیرے شہر کی بہاریں بہت یاد آتی ہیں
تیری مخمور نگاہیں دل پہ تیر چلاتی ہیں
تیری ادائیں مجھ کو بہت ہی بھاتی ہیں
تیرے شہر میں ہم بھی نشیمن بنائیں گے

ہم ترس رہے ہیں تیرے دیدار کے لیے
ہم مارے مارے پھر رہے ہیں تیرے پیار کے لیے
ہم تڑپ رہے ہیں تیری محفل کے انوار کے لیے
کبھی تو تیری محفل میں دل کی پیاس بجھائیں گے

ہمارے شہر میں پیاء جب تشریف لائیں گے
غم زدہ لوگ غم کی داستان سنائیں گے
نگاہِ لطف و کرم جب وہ ہم پہ فرمائیں گے
ہمارے دل بھی خوشی سے جھوم جائیں گے

محبوب سے ہم بیٹھے ہیں بہت دور
مگر دل ملنے کو ہوا ہے مجبور
قسمت میں لکھا ہے تو ملیں گے ضرور
ان کو ملنے کے لیے ہم ان کے کوچہ میں جائیں گے

چاولہ سائیں ان کی ملاقات ہوہی جائے گی
حوصلہ رکھ نہ گھبرا رحمت کی برسات ہوہی جائے گی
سب مہربانوں سے مہربان رب کی ذات ہوہی جائے گی
اک دن وصل شراب محبوب ہمیں بھی پلائیں گے

جامعات كے طلبہ کے عقائد و نظریات کی اصلاح کیلئے مکی دور کے اسلوب دعوت کو اپنانے کی ضرورت و اہمیت: منہج اور متوقع نتائج

There is gape in students of Islamic Institutes and Institutes of higher education in the world. The students of Islamic Universities well aware about Islam and its teachings. They have strong beliefs in it. While the students of higher educational institutes other than Islamic have no idea and have no enough knowledge about Islam and its beliefs. There is dire need for reconciliation in this regard. This research paper tries to explore Importance and need to adopt the way of Da’wa of the Holy Prophet in Makki era in order to improve the beliefs of University students. Way and expectative results.

The Influence of Consumer Animosity With the Mediating Effect of Religiosity of Consumer Buying Behavior: An Empirical Investigation on Buying Foreign Products in Pakistan

Religion plays a significant role in consumers’ buying behavior. It affects human behavior in terms of the demarcation of thoughts, values, moral standards and attitudes. In period of market globalization, religion played immense role to change global trade. Country of Origin (COO) is a significant factor that creates huge market opportunities in order to benefit the country and the firm both. Many companies, globally, are venturing in overseas markets as to get large benefit for their companies and by labelling the origin of the product. COO makes consumer emotional especially Muslim consumers affiliation with religions. The aim of the study is to examine the interceding part of extent of religiosity on the relationship between consumers’ animosity based on country of origin on consumer buying behavior. The current study empirically investigated whether the consumer animosity based on extent of religiosity impacts on Muslim consumer buying behavior in Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) of Pakistan. To examine the effect of selected predictors on outcome variable, 500 self-administered survey questionnaires were distributed in 10 selected HEIs of Pakistan and response rate was 86%. The data was collected using multistage sampling technique where HEIs and the respondents were selected on scientific bases. This study has utilized quantitative approach to examine level of Consumer Animosity and Religiosity among the respondents regarding foreign products by deducing results with the help of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using SmartPLS software. However, the descriptive statics were employed using SPSS software. The findings of the study reports that foreign products are generally viewed as high association products to religious Muslims regarding their contents and origin. It is found that in Muslim societies if the respective products are imported from some hated or non-Muslim country, the products are strongly resisted by the consumers. Religious commitment appears to be a critical forbearer to Muslim consumers’ regarding their immersion in the consumption decision of foreign product. The empirical analysis shows that all 27 hypotheses are supported. The findings of the present study suggest that religiosity can have a noticeable impact on consumers’ preferences when they purchase foreign products. As it is noted that religious norms are constant irrespective of time frames and eras, therefore, organizations can find ways to dominate significant segments of consumer markets in the host countries by recognizing their religious needs and religious devotion in their practical lives.