Rice is the most significant crop in Pakistan. Its export brings main foreign exchange, generates employment for rural people and is the main food crop in the country. Unfortunately, its cultivated area and production is dwindling day by day due to technical inefficiency and lacking in built capacity of farmers. As public and private agricultural extension organizations are working to build capacity of farmers in the Punjab so this study focused on comparative effectiveness of public and private extension services in capacity building of rice growers in the Punjab, Pakistan. The study was conducted in the district Gujranwala, being the largest rice producing district in the Punjab province. There were six specific objectives outlined for the study: 1) to identify the demographic characteristics of the respondents; 2) to assess the knowledge level of the respondents; 3) to examine the contribution of public and private sectors in increasing the knowhow and skills of the respondents; 4) to determine the effectiveness of extension methods used by public and private organizations; 5) to ascertain the level of satisfaction of rice growers with public and private sectors; and 6) after gaining information about all these objectives develop an extension strategy for effective extension work in the Punjab. The research population was consisted of rice growers, served by both public and by private extension organizations. The sample of 342 out of 2,365 rice growers was selected by using Table developed by Fitz-Gibbon and Morris (1987). An interview schedule was developed and used as research instrument for quantitative assessment. To gauge the 19 quality of extension work in the area, focus group discussions (FGDs) and personal observation methods were employed. A suitable Likert Scale was used to compare performance of public and private. The data were analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences 24 (SPSS). It was found that about twenty-nine percent (28.7%) respondents were older than 50 years of age and a big number (46%) of rice growers had primary level education or less. About thirty six percent (35.9%) of the rice growers were smallholder farmers (5 acres or 2 hectares of land). One-fourth (25%) of the respondents were not aware about recommended nursery raising practices. It was also found that increase in technical knowhow and skills by public sector regarding nursery raising appeared leading area with mean value of 3.29 followed by sowing time (3.28), plant spacing (3.22) and harvesting (3.03) heading towards medium. Increase in technical knowhow and skills by private sector in nursery raising was also ranked 1st with mean value of 3.29 followed by irrigation scheduling (3.26), weeds/insect-pest/disease management (3.18), and maintenance of plant population (3.12) were ranked 2nd, 3rd, and 4th. Regarding use of extension methods, result demonstration used by public sector appeared the most effective extension method with mean value of 2.78 followed by farm & home visit (2.64), group discussions (2.49) and farmer days (2.39) which were ranked 2nd and 3rd, respectively. Private sector was leading in use of farmer days with mean value of 3.16 followed by lecture (2.86) and method demonstration (2.71) which was ranked 2nd and 3rd heading towards medium. The growers were highly satisfied with public sector regarding use of various extension methods (3.71), follow up visits (3.37) and farmer-extension linkage (3.25) while with private sector regarding provision of training facilities was ranked 1st with mean value of 3.65 followed by farmer-extension linkage (3.46) and follow up visits (3.35). It was concluded that generally, the growers were old; less educated; smallholder growers; unaware about latest varieties as well as about recommended production technologies. The contribution of public and private sector is better in specific areas. For example, public sector is doing better in crop management; and private sector in plant protection. The last but not the least, farmers were very less satisfied with public and private sector.
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ﷺ
شہرِ نبیؐ میں مکّہ سے ہو کر چلیں گے ہم
دامانِ داغدار کو دھو کر چلیں گے ہم
تر دامنی کو اشکِ ندامت سے دھوئیں گے
عشقِ نبیؐ میں خود کو ڈبو کر چلیں گے ہم
روئیں گے خوب شہرِ مدینہ کی یاد میں
اشکوں کے خوب ہار پرو کر چلیں گے ہم
روح و دل و دماغ میں طیبہ کی ہو فضا
یوں صحنِ جاں میں شوق کو بو کر چلیں گے ہم
’’ماذاغ‘‘ کی ادا کا تکلّم کلیمؑ سے
تم کام کر نہ پائے تھے جو ؛ کر چلیں گے ہم
آغوش میں یوں نیند نے لے کر مجھے کہا
آؤ درِ رسولؐ پہ سو کر چلیں گے ہم
عرفانؔ ! اب تو عزم یہی چشمِ تر کا ہے
داغِ غمِ فراق کو دھو کر چلیں گے ہم
Nicotine acts on nearly every Physiological System of the human body. The effects of nicotine on the Peripheral nervous system have been extensively studied and are now quite well understood. The effects of nicotine on the central nervous system are more complex, and our understanding of these effects is limited. The Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamics of nicotine, with an emphasis on the Psychopharmacological basis of nicotine dependence. In South America, seeking for psychoactive effects of nicotine might be as old as the origin of horticulture, beginning some eight thousand years ago present Ritual tobacco was used in shamanism aimed to achieve acute nicotine intoxication, which induced in the shamans’ catatonic states representing symbolic death. The effect of large doses of nicotine on the autonomic and central nervous system gave the impression of a gradual death of the shaman, who then returned miraculously to life (Wilbert 1987). Regular, moderate use of nicotine alone or in combination is a well-known, widely established and loved practice of men and women both. Despite, health consequences of these pharmacological agents, people continue, quite persistently, to consume these substances and afford much value to the pleasure of a regular intake.
This study compared the inputs and outputs in public and private secondary
schools in Tehsil Kamoke. The private schools were selected from the schools meant for middle and lower middle income classes. The input factors included teacher?s
academic and professional qualification, student teacher ratio, teacher training, and
assessment of students, physical facilities, and administrative competency of HTs,
teachers? competencies, co-curricular activities and per student cost. The output for
the study was defined as the scores of students obtained in the matriculation
examination of the BISE Gujranwala. Study population comprises 47 government
high schools and 55 private secondary ( private schools meant for low and middle
income groups) affiliated with Board of intermediate and Secondary education
Gujranwala in Tehsil Kamoke. Fifteen schools were sampled from each sector for data
collection. The number of sampled HTs was 30 (15 from each sector) and number of
sampled teachers were 150 (75 from each sector).The data was collected from the
Head teachers and five teachers of each sampled school by using separate
questionnaires for the HTs and teachers. Other sources of data collection were Budget
2018-19 report (Khunshan, 2018), fee structure of private schools and result gazette
BISE Gujranwala 2018. Descriptive research method was adopted and t. test was
applied for data analysis. Study was concluded that private schools lead the public
schools in academic achievements of students, teacher training, appropriate student
teacher ratio, teaching competencies of teachers, assessment of students,
administrative competencies of head teachers, co-curricular activities and cost per
student. Public schools lead the private schools in having highly qualified teachers and
head teachers in academic and professional qualification. Public schools also lead the
private schools in some physical facilities like play grounds, science labs, computer
labs and class room ventilation. It was also found that private schools have higher
efficiency as compared to public schools.