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Comprehensive Study of Trace Elements in Juices and Soft Drinks and Their Impact on Human Health

Thesis Info

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Author

Jameel, Aneela

Program

PhD

Institute

Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13519/1/FUUAST%2014%209%202014%20A%20final-final%2018.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725775862

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A comprehensive study carried out for determination of heavy metals including trace (Cr, Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn, Co, Cu) and toxic (Pb, Cd) metals in variety of fruit juices and soft drinks and also studies the impact of these on human health. These heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption technique. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) was also done for heavy metals of a variety of juices and soft drinks of different packing material and also determined various physicochemical parameters like (PH, Conductivity, TDS, Salinity, DO, Specific gravity) as well as isolation of fungal species and microbial load in variety of fruit juices and soft drink. The results of heavy metal were compared with permissible limit in drinking water imposed by the United State Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), World Health Organization (W.H.O) both for fruit juices and soft drinks and recommended dietary allowances (RDA) only for fruit juices. Isolated fungal species compared with literature review both in fruit juices and soft drinks and microbial load with Gulf standard (only in fruit juices) as well as these were correlated with physicochemical parameters. Present study shows that order range of concentration for Cr was not permissible above within the standards sets by the organization and also dietary intake It was found that upper limit of Fe in tetra pack and plastic bottle also range was found in sachet pack was not safe within limits but if compared with dietary intake order and concentration range below the standards. It was found that Mean (range) of Zn was below the US-EPA also dietary intake of trace element. Range of concentration and order for Ni (T> B >S) was above within the standards also was not permissible with dietary intake Upper limit of Mn in all packing was not lies within standards except range of Mn in plastic bottle permissible by W.H.O recommendation. Range of Mn in tetra pack and plastic bottle was below within in daily intake level but upper level in sachet pack was high. Mean range of Cu and Co in all packaging was within in all standards was also small within a dietary intake. In the present work range of Pb was measured in all packing was within US-EPA but not safe according to W.H.O recommendation. Upper limit of range of Cd in tetra pack and plastic bottle and range was found in sachet pack was not safe within standards. Mean of heavy metals (ppm) in soft drinks was accessible. In present work it was found that means value of Cr and Ni in both packaging (plastic pack and tin pack) was not permissible and above within standards Mean value of Fe in both packaging was high and not safe within 0.3 ml/L. It was observed that range of Zn (plastic pack and tin pack) was low as compared to standards Mean concentration of Mn, Co and Cd was approximate within standards Mean concentration of Pb in (plastic pack and tin pack) was expectable within US-EPA, but obove within W.H.O. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) Result showed that null hypothesis for Zn and Ni was rejected for fruit juices as well in soft drinks Zn, Cu, and Cd were rejected synthetic chemicals used in the packaging, storage, and processing of food stuffs. This is because most of these substances are not inert and can leach into the foods, harmful to human health over the long period. For identification of fungi in the juices, direct plating technique was applied and the species were recovered in a variety of tetra pack fruit juices and plastic bottle soft drinks. A.flavus, A.niger, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp, Mucor saccromyces, Fusarium, A. Fumigate, Monilia, A. Wentii and Candida albicans. In present study genus Aspergillus was most frequent in juices. None fungal contamination was observed in plastic bottle and sachet pack of a variety of fruit juices and tin pack of soft drink Furthermore present work showed that presence of fungi was frequently observed in tetrapacks of fruit juices may be due to permeability of packing by which they are made cartons was more risk than plastic bottle carton are bent and hot filled in vacuum condition this process causes a depression within the carton which may lead to the entry of air and consequently favors mould(fungi) production. For the evaluation of total viable count (TVE) total coliform count (TCC) fecal coliform (FCC) and total staphylococcal count (TSC) Standard cultural techniques were applied. In the present work observed bacterial load in tetra pack and plastic bottle of a variety of juices and soft drinks but none bacterial load was seen in sachet pack of fruit juices and tin pack of soft drinks. Present work observed that Total viable count (TVC) in Apple, Mango, Punch and strawberry juice was below the standard while in orange and grape was found within the standard (TCC.) Total coliform count in Apple, Mango, Orange, Grape, Punch and strawberry juices was above the standard. Fecal coliform count (FCC) in Mango, Grape, Punch and strawberry was above the standard while they were absent in Apple and Orange. Staphylococcal count was found in Apple, Mango, Punch juices was within the standard while in Orange was above the standard, they were absent in grape and strawberry. But in present work presence of coliform, fecal coliform and staphylococci in fruit juices and soft drinks of different packing materials indicate that they were contaminated. Fruits become contaminated with microorganism during preharvest, harvest and post harvest period of time all the way through fecal material harvesting equipment, domestic animals and wild animal human use, transport container, wild and domestic animals, ice or water. Many microorganisms was found as natural contaminants in soft drink, but moderately the minority be able to cultivate inside the acidic and little oxygen atmosphere All assessment it was determined that fruits juices and soft drinks might cause serious hazards to human health. It was concluded that care and caution should be taken to improve the quality of consumer product in every as pact on the basis of may research work for health view do not use ready to eat drinks like juices and soft drinks should be utilize fruits and homemade juices since they are actually favorable for our health and life.
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١۔اجازت

اجازت

شاہد اشرف

"یہ راستہ آگے چل کر چشمے کی طرف نکلتا ہے " راہگیر یہ کہ کر آگے بڑھ گیا. میں شش و پنج میں مبتلا اسے جاتے ہوئے دیکھتا رہا پھر آہستہ آہستہ رستے پر گامزن ہو گیا. اس نے کہا تھا کہ. تھوڑے فاصلے پر چشمہ ہے اور چشمے کا نام و نشان دکھائی نہیں دیتا تھا. میں تھکن, پژ مردگی اور مایوسی سے پہلے ہر حال میں چشمے تک پہنچنا چاہتا تھا. پختہ سڑک کے بعد یہ راستہ زائرین کو پیدل طے کرنا پڑتا تھا. آخر کار چشمہ آ گیا . میں نے پانی پیا اور وہیں زمین پر بیٹھ گیا. اُس نے مجھے یہاں تک آنے کے لیے کہا تھا, اس کے بعد مزار تک پہنچنے کا فاصلہ مجھے اس کے ساتھ طے کرنا تھا. وہ میرے بعد چشمے پر پہنچا اور آتے ہی بولا " آؤ چلیں " ہم چل پڑے اور راستے میں باتیں کرتے رہے. ایک طویل فاصلہ طے کرنے کے بعد اس نے دور سے مزار کی طرف اشارہ کیا اور پھر نا معلوم منزل کی جانب گامزن ہو گیا۔ میں مزار کی طرف بڑھنے لگا ۔ جلد ہی مجھے احساس ہو گیا۔ میں جتنا مزار کے قریب جاتا ہوں ۔ مزار اتنا ہی مجھ سے دور ہو جاتا ہے ۔ میں نے تیز بھاگنے کی کوشش کی اور میرا سانس پھول گیا. میرے پاؤں بوجھل ہونے لگے اور میں حسرت و یاس کے عالم میں مزار کی طرف دیکھتا رہا. مجھے معلوم ہو گیا کہ مجھے باریابی کی اجازت نہیں ہے. میں اپنے بعد آنے والوں کو مزار کی سمت جاتے دیکھتا ہوں۔ سب مجھے حیرت سے دیکھ کر گزر جاتے ہیں۔ میں خستہ حال اور تہی دست ایک عمر سے وہاں پر رکا ہوا ہوں.

جنگی جرائم اسلام اور بین الاقوامی قانون کے تناظر میں

In ancient and modern era wars, such war crimes are committed which are against humanity and peace. The war crimes committed were only for power pelf  and pomp. The  continuation of those war crimes is still present in modern time wars. Islam has introduced a very civilized, meaningful and judicious  way for war fare  against enemy and also eradicated all kind of  war crimes.

Authentication of Absorbed Dose Measurements for Optimization of Radiotherapy Treatment Planning

The optimum treatment outcome of radiation therapy depends on accurate determination of radiation dose which is possible only after the detail analysis of quality assurance procedures in the Radiotherapy Treatment Planning, ensuring dosimetric characteristics of the machines and precise treatment execution. It was intended to develop dosimetric phantoms to imitate the actual patient’s anatomy for authentication of absorbed dose in target tumor and to assure the quality of radiotherapy treatment. An anthropomorphic PRESAGE ® phantom was created in the shape of a breast for external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy. Five fields intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), three field partial breast and SAVI 6-1 applicator brachytherapy plan was used to evaluate the breast phantom. The anthropomorphic breast PRESAGE ® was scanned with the Duke midsized optical CT scanner (DMOS-RPC) and optical density (OD) was converted to dose distribution. Comparisons were performed between the dose distribution calculated with the Pinnacle 3 treatment planning system, GAFCHROMIC® EBT2 film and PRESAGE ® for IMRT and 3DCRT partial breast plan. Oncentra® Master Brachy planning was also used for the comparison of PRESAGE ® and GAHCHROMIC® EBT2 film measurements. For IMRT, Gamma map comparisons showed that Pinnacle 3 well agreed with PRESAGE ® for more than 95% of comparison points of the planning tumor volume (PTV), passed ±3%/±3 mm criterion when the outer 8 mm of phantom data were excluded. Edge artifacts were observed in the optical CT reconstruction, from the surface to a depth of almost 8 mm. For 3DCRT partial breast planning Dose Volume Histograms (DVHs) of gross tumor volume (GTV), clinical tumor volume (CTV) and PTV for the PRESAGE ® dosimeter and Pinnacle 3 treatment planning system confirmed a likeness of 97.8% of the prescribed dose. Gamma map comparisons showed that all three distributions agreed with greater than 95% of comparison points passing the ±3% / ±2 mm criterion. DVHs of the skin and PTV_EVAL (PTV_ Evaluation) Brachytherapy for PRESAGE® and Oncentra® differed by a maximum of 4 to 8% respectively. A prostate anthropomorphic viRPC (Radiological Physics Center) phantom was also used which contained TLD (Thermoluminescent dosimeters) and GAFCHROMIC® EBT2 film to evaluate the spot scanning proton therapy. The results of spot scanning proton therapy shows that the Right/Left, Inferior/Superior and Posterior/Anterior aspects of the coronal/sagittal and EBT2 film measurements were within ±7%/±4mm of the treatment planning system (TPS). This work demonstrates the feasibility of the PRESAGE ® to be fashioned into anthropomorphic shape and establishes the accuracy of Pinnacle 3 for breast IMRT as well as for 3D and brachytherapy planning. Furthermore, the extension of this work can lead to investigate 3D dosimetry with more complex anthropomorphic phantoms. RPC-Anthropomorphic prostate phantom could be used to establish quality assurance of spot scanning proton beam within certain confidence levels. The quality of treatment can be improved with the utilization of PRESAGE® in both external beam radiotherapy as well as brachytherapy. An anthropomorphic phantom is a good substitute of actual patients’ and can be a valuable tool for treatment planning in all types of radiation therapy including spot scanning proton therapy for authentication of absorbed dose measurements and resultantly can increase the accuracy and quality of the treatment.