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Designing Bio-Intensive Integrated Pest Management Module for the Control of Cabbage Butterfly Pieris Brassicae L. Pieridae: Lepidoptera

Thesis Info

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Author

Iqbal, Shahid

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2726/1/2717S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725829851

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During present study “bio-intensive integrated pest management module for the control of cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassica L.) under field conditions in Faisalabad ecological conditions” was designed. Eighteen genotypes of cauliflower viz. Candid Charm, Cash Mere, Cauliflower Desi, Cool Sun-70, Cool Sun-71, Early Kanwari, Shumaila F1 H, Pari, Pari F1 H, Snow Ball, Snow Crown, Snow Drift, Snow Grace, White Corona H, White Excel, White Island, White Magic H and White Shot H were sown during 2008 to screen the resistant, susceptible and intermediate genotypes based on population density of P. brassicae/ plant. From this trail, two genotypes viz. Cool Sun-70 and Cauliflower Desi, Cash Mere and White Island and Shumaila F1 H and Pari F1 H showing as susceptible, intermediate and resistant responses were selected for further studies. These genotypes were sown again under field conditions during 2009 to confirm the previous results. Role of weather factors were also determined in population fluctuation of the pest. The application of Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) @ 1482 g/ha, EN + release of Trichogrammachilonis cards (TC) for 8 times, EPN + spray of spinosad 240 SC @ 125 ml/ha and EPN + neem nut oil (NNO) 2.5 percent @ 6.17 lit/ha as module one (M1); release of TC card and Chrysoperlacarnea (CC), release of TC and spray of spinosad, release of TC and spray of NNO and release of TC and collection of eggs for 8 times as module (M2); spray of NNO, spray of NNO and spinosad, spray of NNO and collection of larvae and spray of NNO and collection of eggs as module (M3) and spray of spinosad alone and in combination with collection of eggs, collection of larvae and use of sticky rackets of yellow color as module (M4) were tested for bio- intensive management strategy to find out an effective, easy to apply and safe method of control for the recommendations to the farmers. It was recorded that the population of P. brassicae differed significantly among genotypes, dates of observations and in their interactions. The genotype cool son-70 was found as susceptible, pari F1 H appeared as resistant showing 30.02 and 3.44 sepecimen/plant of P. brassicae, respectively during 2008; high population was observed on 8 th October, 2008 and thereafter, decreasing trend was observed. The selected genotypes viz. Cool Sun-70, Cauliflower Desi, Cash Mere, White Island, Shumaila F1H and Pari F1 H differed significantly with each other regarding per plant population density of P. brassicae during 2009. The highest population was observed as 28.71/plant on Cool Sun-70, whereas minimum population was recorded as 15.45/plant on Pari F1 H and both these cultivars were proved as susceptible and resistant, respectively. The results pertaining to host plant susceptibility indices in various selected genotypes of cauliflower based on population density of P. brassicae/plant during 2008 and 2009 revealed that Cool Sun-70 was comparatively susceptible showing maximum HPSI i.e. 27%, whereas Pari F1 H was recorded as resistant with 09% HPSI. Temperature variations showed positive and significant correlation with the pest population during 2008, whereas relative humidity responded negative and significant correlation; and similar trend was recorded during 2009. Rainfall played non-significant role on pest fluctuation. However, maximum temperature was most effective for pest population (67.2, 77.2 and 68.3%) and significant difference were recorded among treatments and treatments in which applications of spinosad alone are in combinations with other control tactics resulted in utmost control of the pest both in resistant as well as susceptible genotypes. While, module (M4) comprised of sprays of (spinosad @ 125 ml/ha alone, and in combination with collection of eggs, collection of larvae and installation of sticky rackets of yellow color) proved as the best module; resulted in minimum pest population and maximum cost benefit ratio i.e. 41.53 and 38.76 for resistant and susceptible genotypes, respectively.
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شیخ ظہور الحسن

شیخ ظہور الحسن
افسوس ہے کہ شیخ ظہورالحسن صاحب سابق ریوینیو سکریٹری حکومت اتر پردیش نے کراچی میں انتقال کیا، وہ اپنے محکمہ کے ماہر اور اس صوبے کے لائق ترین عہدہ داروں میں تھے، حکومت میں ان کا بڑا وقار تھا، عملاً بڑے مذہبی اور دیندار تھے، مذہبی مطالعہ وسیع تھا، دینی کاموں سے بڑی دلچسپی تھی، ترک وطن سے پہلے دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے رکن تھے، کئی سال ہوئے ریٹائرڈ ہوچکے تھے، ان کے لڑکے پاکستان میں بڑے عہدوں پر تھے، لیکن وہ خود ہندوستان ہی میں مقیم رہے، ۱۹۶۵؁ء کی جنگ سے کچھ پہلے لڑکوں سے ملنے کراچی گئے تھے، اسی دوران میں جنگ چھڑگئی، اس لیے لڑکوں کے اصرار سے وہاں مستقل قیام اختیار کرلیا، اور وہیں قلبی دورے میں وفات پائی، مسلمان عہدہ داروں میں ایسے لائق اور دیندار کم ہوتے ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس مرد مومن کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۷۲ء)

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Financial Reporting Quality, Family Owned Business, and Investment Efficiency

Present study investigates the impact of two monitoring mechanisms; family ownership, and financial reporting quality with other explanatory variables on investment efficiency for the period of 2007 to 2014 for non-financial listed companies at the Karachi Stock Exchange. This study employs two dimensional Pooled Ordinary Least Square Regression, Two Stage Least Square Regression (2SLS), and Generalized Method of Moment (GMM), Feasible Generalized Least Square Regression (FGLS) method to test and examine the significance of hypothesis. The results indicate that higher financial reporting quality and family ownership is associated with higher investment efficiency. Furthermore, the moderation effect of family ownership on the relationship of financial reporting quality and investment efficiency indicate that impact of financial reporting quality on investment efficiency is higher for family owned business as compare to the impact of financial reporting quality on investment efficiency for non-family owned business. The results also show that higher financial reporting quality mitigates the problem of over and under investment as information gap reduces. The results reveal that family ownership increases investment efficiency and may also mitigate the over and under investment problem. The family firms and higher financial reporting quality reduce the tendency of over-investment and under-investment. Therefore, alignment effect outreaches the entrenchment effect as family shareholder and management shares the same vision and have same long-run investment horizon. The desire to shift business to their next generation is possible if family firms invest in efficient projects, therefore, family firms have more efficient investments as compared to non-family firms. Therefore, in emerging market like Pakistan alignment effect, reduced information asymmetry, efficient monitoring, and long term horizon, and the preservation of socioemotional wealth reduce the propensity of under investment in family firms as compared to ii i non-family firms. The results indicate that family firm in Pakistan use accrual based earning management in order to meet their earning targets. In addition, they have lesser propensity to engage in real based earning management as real based earning management is hard to detect for the regulating bodies. In longer run, real based earning management can damage the business, therefore, family firm has lesser engagement in real based earning management in order to maintain their socio-emotional wealth perspective. The family firms report lower abnormal discretionary expanses, abnormal cash flow from operations and lower abnormal production as compare to non-family firms.. The main findings of this study are almost the same by using different estimation techniques and proxies to measure investment efficiency, family ownership and financial reporting quality. The implication that emerges from these results is that financial reporting quality and family ownership act as a corporate governance mechanism tool that enhances the investment efficiency of family firms as compared to nonfamily firms and also mitigate the over and under-investment problem in any family owned business. Thus, the results support the argument presented by the alignment hypothesis of Agency Theory and dynasty succession dimension of Socio-emotional Wealth Theory. Therefore, understanding the quality of these financial reports in family owned business allows investors, regulatory authorities and policy makers to make informed decision. Keywords: Family Ownership, Investment efficiency, Financial Reporting Quality