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Home > Determination of Agro-Management Practices for Enhancing Seed Yield and Quality in Peas Pisum Sativum L.

Determination of Agro-Management Practices for Enhancing Seed Yield and Quality in Peas Pisum Sativum L.

Thesis Info

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Author

Ashraf, Muhammad Irfan

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1882

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725838771

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Studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of agro-management practices on two Peas cultivars named Climax and Meteor during the year 2005-09. The study was executed to find out best management practices, packing material and storage environment for better yield and quality seed production of Peas. There were six trials for determining irrigation, nutrition, seed maturity, seed storage and packing material for the Peas crop. Agro-management practices had significant effect on plant growth and yield attributes. These practices included, good seed bed preparation, proper seeding methods, proper irrigation, effective plant nutrition, timely harvest, proper storage conditions and accurate packing material. Peas are a good source of vegetable protein which is highly digestible. Although its nutritional aspects have been proved yet the factors which contribute towards seed yield and quality require a series of research projects for their detailed study. Seed is a basic unit in crop production as it influences the yield directly and indirectly by impacting the contribution of other inputs. Different irrigation frequencies like, I 0 ( Irrigation as needed by the crop; 13 irrigations applied), I 1 (Irrigation up to flowering; 8 irrigations applied), I 2 (Irrigation up to pod filling; 10 irrigations applied) and I 3 (Irrigation up to seed filling; 12 irrigations applied) were investigated. Each irrigation of (7.5 cm) was applied with 10 days intervals. Their impacts on growth, Yield and quality attributes were studied. Seed vigour tests were also performed. Irrigation frequency up to seed filling stage was observed to be better for yield and quality of Peas seeds as compared to other irrigation frequencies. Nutrition to the seed crop improved seed yield and quality. Seed yield and quality of seed Peas crop was also influenced by varying plant nutrition requirements during its growth period. Out of various phosphorus and potash levels studied, phosphorus @ 120 kg ha -1 and potash @ 100 Kg ha -1 gave better results for Climax as compared to other levels of phosphorus and potash. Different best results combinations of the above experiments are made to observe their performance and the best one are selected for Peas crop. Thecombinations of T 0 (Irrigation up to seed filling) T 1 (Irrigation up to seed filling + P120 kg ha -1 ) T 2 (Irrigation up to seed filling + K100 kg ha -1 ) T 3 (Irrigation up to seed filling + P120 kg ha -1 + K100 kg ha -1 ) were studied. T 3 (Irrigation up to seed filling + P120 kg ha -1 + K100 kg ha -1 ) gave high seed yield in Peas as compared to other combinations. Peas seed crop was harvested at proper maturity stage. Maximum seed viability and seed vigour was achieved if harvested at correct stage of maturity. Peas seed harvested at different moisture % levels like, M 1 , (45%), M 2 (40%) M 3 (35%) M 4 (30%) M 5 (25%) M 6 (20%) and M 7 (15%) respectively. Determination of optimum seed harvest time by seed moisture content is used as a general recommendation for farmers as a clue to determine the optimum time of harvest to maximize seed yield and quality. Peas crop harvested at 25% moisture contents, gave better results as compared to other levels of moisture percentage. Seed storage is a basic requirement for Peas seed crop. In Pakistan particularly the seed of legume crops like Peas suffer from storage problem. Three packing material, gunny bags, plastic bags, paper bags and various temperatures, 0°C, 15°C, 20°C, and 25 °C were studied. 50% humidity was kept constant in storage. Best material and temperature are pertained for storage. Seeds were stored for six months. Seeds stored at 5°C in gunny bags gave better performance with respect to seed quality and vigour.
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رفیع احمد قدوائی

رفیع احمد قدوائی
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Pandemic Impact on the Travels and Tourism Sector of Nepal

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Synthesis of Biocompatible Self-Assembling Amphiphiles for Vesicular Drug Delivery Applications.

Oral route is preferred for drug administration due to convenience in dose administration, lack of pain, effectiveness and increased patient compliance. Drug’s decreased aqueous solubility, gastric instability, enzymatic degradation, decreased biological membrane permeability, P-gp based drug efflux, first pass metabolism, mucus membrane barrier and early clearance from the body are various factors leading to poor oral bioavailability and less therapeutic efficacy of orally administered drugs. Conventional drug dosage forms have not been effective in addressing these issues. Recently, nanotechnology has got much scientific interests in various fields. The biomedical applications of nano-carriers have been the subject of recent interests due to their evident role in addressing the above mentioned drug related issues. Amphiphilic molecules are capable of self-assembling into vesicles upon their contact with aqueous media. They are able to dissolve both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs either in their interior aqueous compartment or exterior lipid bilayer respectively. Self-assembling amphiphilic molecules like phospholipids, nonionic surfactants, block copolymers and peptides are widely used for designing vesicular nanocarrier drug delivery systems. They are physically stable, economic, efficient and release the loaded drug in a sustain manner, thus leading to enhance oral bioavailability with better clinical outcomes. The current study was designed for the synthesis of four different biocompatible amphiphiles for nano-vesicular drug delivery applications. They were synthesized in neucleophilic substitution reactions by reacting hydrophilic moieties (Creatinine and Pyridoxine) with lipophilic acyl chlorides and aliphatic alkyl bromide respectively. The Vitamin E based amphiphile was synthesized in multi step reaction to introduce polar hydrophilic moiety in lipophilic alpha tocopherol (Vitamin E). These synthetic amphiphiles were characterized through 1H NMR and xii Mass spectrometric analytical techniques. All the amphiphiles were subjected to biocompatibility studies and their nano-vesicular drug delivery applications were investigated using model poorly aqueous soluble drugs i.e. Clarithromycin, Azithromycin and Amphotericin B. All the amphiphiles were less cytotoxic, hemo-compatible and non-toxic to animals. They were capable of forming nano-vesicles of almost spherical shape with homogenous size distribution. The drug loaded vesicles exhibited increased surface negativity and loaded increased amounts of the selected model drugs. They released the loaded drugs in a controlled pattern at various pHs when tested for in-vitro release. Amphiphiles based drug loaded vesicles demonstrated higher storage stability and retained maximum drugs upon incubation with simulated gastric fluid. Invivo bioavailability of the selected drugs was increased in a controlled manner in rabbits upon their oral administration in the form of amphiphiles based nano-vesicles. Results of the current study authenticates biocompatibility of these synthesized amphiphiles and their effectiveness for oral drug delivery of poor aqueous soluble drugs. The results are interesting and provide a scientific base for their use in vesicular drug delivery systems. The results will open new research areas for formulation scientists to investigate their membrane permeability mechanisms with ultimate increased therapeutic efficacy of loaded drugs.