Effectiveness of Digital Health Services: Challenges and Constraints for Society

This article discusses the effectiveness of digital health services by looking at the challenges and obstacles for society. One form of public services implemented by the government for the community is meeting the need for quality public services and having an orientation to the effectiveness of services to the community that are needed. In the health sector itself, advances in information technology have greatly supported health services. This online system is of high quality to be implemented because the public and members of the medical system can receive and provide detailed and fast information with the help of computerized technology. Information technology has reached various fields of life including the health sector to help the efficiency and effectiveness of health services. Information technology that is properly implemented can support the management process to be effective and efficient. The corona pandemic is changing people's habits in visiting and consulting doctors at hospitals. However, digital-based health services have not been effectively accepted by the public from various service units. They still need improvements in terms of connectivity, content and clarity of regulations.

Dynamic Models of Non-Reaction and Reactive Liquid Chromatography: Derivation of Analytical and Numerical Solutions

Dynamic Models of Non-Reactive and Reactive Liquid Chromatography: Derivation of Analytical and Numerical Solutions Chromatography is an effective technique used in the analytical chemistry for separation, identification and quantification of mixture components. Reactive chromatography is an integrated process which combines chemical or biochemical reactions with the chromatographic separation. These techniques have gained wide recognition in petrochemical, fine chemical, pharmaceutical, bio-technical and food industries. This work is focused on the the analysis of linear models of non-reactive and reactive liquid chromatography incorporating both fully porous and the core-shell particles. The model equations incorporate axial dispersion, external and intra particle pore diffusions, interfacial mass transfer, and irreversible and reversible first order heterogeneous reactions. In most of the liquid chromatographic operations, the sample volume is very small (i.e. in microliters) and diluted. Thus, the current linear assumptions are valid. Semi-analytical solutions of the model equations are derived by successively applying the Laplace transformation and eigen-decomposition technique. To gain further confidence on the analytical results, a high resolution finite volume scheme (HR-FVS) is implemented to numerically investigate the same model equations. Analytical and numerical temporal moments of the elution profiles are presented. These moments can be used to further analyze the solute transport behavior. Moreover, relationships are derived among the essential kinetic parameters of different models considering core-shell particles. Such particles are helpful for rapid and better separation of complex mixtures with a reasonably low back pressure. Extensive case studies of practical interest are carried out to measure the effects of different kinetics and reaction parameters on the conversion and separation of sample components. The results obtained can be utilized to optimize the process and to estimate model parameters from the experimental results.