استفہام بمعنی امر
بسااوقات استفہام امر کے معنوں میں استعمال ہوتا ہے ۔ ذیل کی آیت:
"إِنَّمَا يُرِيدُ الشَّيْطَانُ أَنْ يُوقِعَ بَيْنَكُمُ الْعَدَاوَةَ وَالْبَغْضَاءَ فِي الْخَمْرِ وَالْمَيْسِرِ وَيَصُدَّكُمْ عَنْ ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ وَعَنِ الصَّلَاةِ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُنْتَهُونَ"۔ [[1]]
"شیطان تو یہی چاہتا ہے کہ شراب اور جوئے کے ذریعے تمہارے درمیان دشمنی اور بغض کے بیج ڈال دے اور تمہیں اللہ کی یاد اور نماز سے روک دے ، اب بتاؤ کہ کیا تم ان چیزوں سے باز آ جاؤ گے"۔
اس آیت میں ’’فھل انتم منتھون ‘‘ در اصل ’’انتھوا عنھا‘‘ کے معنی میں مستعمل ہے ۔
"فَإِلَّمْ يَسْتَجِيبُوا لَكُمْ فَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا أُنْزِلَ بِعِلْمِ اللَّهِ وَأَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُسْلِمُونَ"۔[[2]]
"اس کے بعد اگر یہ تمہاری بات قبول نہ کریں تو (اے لوگو) یقین کر لو کہ یہ وحی صرف اللہ کےحکم سے اتری ہےاور یہ کہ اللہ کے سوا کوئی عبادت کے لائق نہیں، تو کیا اب تم فرما بردار بنو گے"۔
جناب فلاحی کی رائے میں آیت مذکور میں ’’فھل انتم مسلمون‘‘ استفہام کے معنی میں نہیں بلکہ امر کے مفہوم میں استعمال ہوا ہے یعنی ’’اسلموا لھذا لاکتاب و آمنو ‘‘ ۔[[3]]
" قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِنْ أَهْلَكَنِيَ اللَّهُ وَمَنْ مَعِيَ أَوْ رَحِمَنَا”[[4]]
"اے پیغمبر ان سے کہو کہ ذرا یہ بتلاؤ کہ چاہے اللہ مجھے اور میرے ساتھیوں کو ہلاک کر دے یا ہم پر رحم فرما دے"۔
قاضی ثناء اللہ پانی پتی کے مطابق ’’ارءیتم‘‘ میں ابتدائی ہمزہ استفہام تقریری کے لیے...
‘Adl and Qisṭ is indeed a manifestation of God’s mercy, rather, it may also be seen as a principal objective of Shariʿah. The origin or sources of administration of justice in Islām are the Quran, Sunnah of the holy Prophet, consensus of opinions of the jurists of Islamic jurisprudence and Analogy (Qiyās). Justice is a sacred obligation of supererogatory. It is obligatory upon the Muslim rulers to appoint judges for the dispensation of justice to attain equality, to protect the human rights from their violation, to safeguard the lives and properties, and to maintain law and order in society. As a judge is supposed to accomplish a very important and noble task being a regent of Allāh, hence, some vital merits and criteria regarding the conditions and qualifications for the appointment of the Qāḍī or judge in the light of the Qur’ān, Sunnah and Islamic jurisprudence and the code of conduct for the Pakistani judges must be observed at all costs. The author of this paper has discussed these conditions and qualifications in this article. There are some unanimous conditions for the appointment of judges, while some others are not agreed upon. While presenting the difference of opinions of the Islamic jurists, the author tried to explain, reconcile the opinions and at some places presented her own view in the light of her analysis and arguments. These conditions are around thirty, but the author according to her own discretion chose some of the most important ones to discuss in this paper.
Background: The use of drugs to attenuate the haemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation is the standard of care during elective surgery. Current evidence is conflicting concerning the best agent and optimal dose for this purpose. In the majority of cases, Fentanyl is widely utilized to attenuate haemodynamic responses. Ketamine, an established available drug, has been scarcely studied in this regard at low doses and against varying doses of other common agents. Objective: The primary objective was to compare the overall occurrence of hypertension and tachycardia immediately pre-intubation (post-induction) until 10 minutes post intubation between the study group receiving fentanyl at 1.0 μg/kg and the other receiving Ketamine at 0.5 mg/kg. The secondary objectives were to compare the occurrence of post-induction hypotension and the occurrence of neuropsychiatric phenomena during emergence between the two groups. Primary outcome measure: Increase of Blood Pressure (systolic, mean arterial or diastolic) and Heart Rate >20% from the baseline. Secondary outcome measures: Decrease in Blood Pressure (post induction) >20% from baseline; Occurrence of neuropsychiatric manifestations. Study Setting: The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. Study Design: A prospective, double blind, superiority, randomized control trial. Sample size: A sample size of 108 participants, 54 in the Fentanyl arm and 54 in the Ketamine arm. Study population: ASA I and II patients aged 18-65 years scheduled for theatre for non-emergent surgery. Anaesthetic Procedure: 108 adult patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups corresponding to the drugs used for induction: (a) Fentanyl (1.0 μg/kg) added to Propofol (2.0 mg/kg) and Cisatracurium (0.2 mg/kg) (F, n = 54) and (b) Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) added to Propofol (2.0 mg/kg) and Cisatracurium (0.2 mg/kg) (K, n = 54), and haemodynamic responses evaluated by determining heart rate and blood pressure immediately before laryngoscopy and at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 minutes. This was in addition to standard of care. Data collection: Data was collected using a data collection tool (see appendix). Patients’ baseline characteristics, systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate at baseline then at minute 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 were recorded. Results: 108 ASA I and II patients scheduled to undergo elective surgery were included in this study, 54 participants (50%) in the Fentanyl arm and 54 (50%) in the Ketamine arm. Baseline demographic characteristics were similar between the groups. There were more hypertensive episodes in the Ketamine arm (11%) compared to the