سوشل میڈیا کا استعمال اخلاقیات اور شریعت کے نکتہ نظر سے: ایک تفصیلی جائزہ

Throughout the history humanity has witnessed many ups and downs. There might have been many eras of moral lawlessness in which humanity might have suffered from lack of moral character, civilization, lack of social norms and values and many such things. But in the present era social media has emerged as a very sharp sword which has destroyed social values, norms and morality. It has proven destructive to a unprecedented level. Sometimes people share news about a person without conformation and on other times people destroy human shapes and give them resemblance with animal shapes and then share them on social media by way of comparison between human and animals. Insulting political opponents, playing with honor and dignity of others, humiliating others have become a game to play for people on social media. Many users of the social media think that there is no respect for others at all so they don’t hesitate from humiliating people. For them the only act worth doing is to protect the so called respect of the leader they follow and love. They are ready to cross any limit for this.  While doing all this they forget anything and everything about civility, morality, and social values etc. Someone has quite rightly said that good character is proof of good blood. While using social media one is in fact representing one’s family and blood. According to statistics 58% of the whole population of our country consists of young people the majority of which is so much attached and engrossed with the use of social media that they are oblivious of what is going around them. The spell of social media has bound people in the galleries of hospitals, pathways, passengers, and in educational institutes. So much so that even in homes, social media has preoccupied people to an extent that they damn care for the people living in the same home with them. There is value for a friend on social media but there is no value for a person sitting very next to them. A young man is busy and engaged with a so called sister on social media but his real sister is seen tantalized for his care and affection. In the university students miss out lectures of teacher but want to learn things from google and social media. This is the dilemma of the current age. The use of social media has taken people far away from the people sitting and living very close to them. Now the young generation has options i.e. Positive or negative use of social media. Your face book account, your profile is reflective of your personality. Any visitor, while visiting your profile and account will have your whole personality open up to him. Difference of opinion is permitted and appreciable thing but it should be done within limits. The current research paper is an attempt to cover up all these things and to see the Islamic teachings about the use of social media. How to open an account on social media, how to share pictures on it either self or that of others, sending friend requests and accepting them? These and other related issues will be discussed in the present paper in the light of Islam.

Production of Ethanol from Molasses Using Thermotolerant Kluyveromyces Marxianus

This study shows that strain of thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus was used for the production of ethanol and invertase (fructofuranosiadse, Ffase). This strain (D-67283) was collected from Shakkar Gunj Sugar Mills, Jhang, selected through Gamma rays on 1.5 % (w/v) deoxy-Dglucose (DG) in liquid medium after growth at 60 °C for 5 days and designated as K. marxianus M15. The selected mutant strain produced maximum ethanol and Ffase at 48 h of cultivation on different substrates including glucose, sucrose, and molasses each at 10, 12, 15 and 17% total sugars in 23 L fermentor (working volume 15 L). Optimized studies on different carbon sources displayed that product formation rate (Qp) was greater on glucose- followed by molasses- medium but was found to be lower on sucrose medium. Product yield (Yp/s) and specific product yield (Yp/x) were also significantly higher on glucose (15%) whereas found as lower on sucrose medium. Specific product formation rate (qp) was also recorded higher on glucose medium and remained lower on sucrose medium. Nitrogen sources like ammonium sulphate, corn steep liquor (CSL), and urea were added to the growth medium to enhance growth and ethanol formation. All these sources were used at the rate to contain 0.11, 0.16 and 0.21 % nitrogen in the growth medium. The best results were observed for fermentation kinetic parameters of growth and product formation by ammonium sulphate using 0.75% (w/v). In further studies, temperature of fermentation was optimized for maximum ethanol production, and substrate utilization, for both wild and mutant strains of K. marxianus. For this purpose, they were grown at different temperatures ranging from 20- 65 oC. The study further revealed that maximum ethanol production on molasses medium supplemented with ammonium sulphate was used 0.75% at pH 5.5 after 48 h at 40 oC. xx Effect of various agitation rates from 250-450 rpm on production of ethanol by K. marxianus cells was carried out and the maximum amount of ethanol produced on the sugar based used was more than 89.96 %. Further increase in agitation intensity did not increase ethanol production in both organisms. Hence, agitation rate of 300 rpm was optimized. The production of ethanol is an anaerobic fermentation process; therefore supply of oxygen to the yeast culture is of great importance as it is needed to support an initial amount of cell mass for maximum ethanol production. At a constant rate of oxygen supply, agitation rate supports uniform distribution of cells and maintain a constant temperature by uniformly stirring the media to dissipate excess heat. Effect of supplying air to the fermentor at different aeration rates (0.25 - 1.5 LL-1min-1) on ethanol fermentation, amount of ethanol produced was 72.5-74.8 gL-1 when the aeration rate was kept at 1.0 LL-1min-1 for 8 h and then between 0.25 - 0.50 LL-1min-1. Further increase in aeration rate, resulted in lower production of ethanol and greater amount of cell mass in the fermented broth but up to a certain extent. The maximum amount of ethanol (75 gL-1) produced when the aeration rate was kept at 0.30 LL -1min-1. Maximum ethanol specific or volumetric productivity increased with the increased temperature up to 40 oC and 45 °C in the case of wild and mutant respectively. The activation enthalpy for ethanol formation (DH* = 55.6 KJ/mol) pathway was lower than that for phytase production ((DH*70-80 KJ mol-1).The estimated values of enthalpy of Ffase formation (13.1 kJ mo-1l) network was lower as compared with the product inactivation (12.0 kJ mol-1 ) network. This usually happens in the case of thermotolerant organisms as reported earlier. Over all these studies revealed that mutant strain acquired significantly better changes in the genetic make up and qualifies for its evaluation at industrial scale ethanol production.