مناجات
سوہنے اپنے نام دا واسطہ ای کر رحم کہ وقت وہاوندا اے
تیری تانگ اندر نزع وقت بنیا سَاہ آئوندا تے نالے جاوندا اے
عمر گذر گئی ایسے حال اندر تیرا دکھیا پیا کرلاوندا اے
واہ بے پرواہ دلدار میرا خبر پچھنے وی نہ آئوندا اے
خوشی وچ جہان پیا وسدا اے ‘ کوئی ہسدا تے کوئی گائوندا اے
ساہنوں سوہنیا وے تیرے ہجر اندر کوئی جگ دا چین نہ بھائوندا ے
نت دل نوں دیاں دلیریاں میں ‘ شاید یار سوہنا اج آئوندا اے
دل آکھدا کملیا بھل تیری ایویں نت دا وقت وہائوندا اے
The institution of ‘Gift’ (ہبہ) is common in every religion. Every religion promo-tes this practice, as it is a tool to create sense of love and affection between the giver and the receiver. Similarly, Islam encourages its followers to perform it from time to time and spread sense of love and affection. The holy Prophet (Peace and Mercy be upon him) not only ordered the believers of Islam to exchange gifts but also, he himself was habitual of distributing things among the Muslims as gifts. Here, in this article, this exercise of the ‘Gift’ is discussed. Firstly, its lexical and terminological meanings are mentioned and supported with verses of the holy Quran and the traditions of the holy Prophet (PBUH). Furthermore, its need and importance are given consideration. Secondly, kinds of the ‘Gift’ are specified, which are ‘Gift of existing things and non-existing things’. Then the existing things are divided into ‘Devisable and non-devisable items’. In the end the concept of possession in the ‘Gift’ is stated. Along with all this opinions of the five schools of thoughts i.e. Hanafi, Maliki, Shafai, Hanbali and Shia, and their basis regarding possession of the ‘Gift’ are presented.
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of government spending on agricultural and economic growth in Pakistan. Furthermore, the study also determines the relationship between direct tax revenue, indirect tax revenue, non-tax revenue and total government spending in the context of Pakistan. Pakistan’s agriculture growth has registered mixed trends from 1972 to 2014. Empirical evidence from developing countries suggests that public spending has a profoundly positive association with agricultural and economic growth. Agriculture is the main sector of Pakistan’s economy, accounts for around one-fifth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), engages about half of the country’s labour force and provides livelihood to 65 per cent of the rural population. The study has utilised time series data from 1972 to 2014. The stationarity of time series data has checked through Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. Johansen Co-integration test and Error Correction Model (ECM) have employed for the long run and short run empirical estimation. The results indicate a positive association between public spending, agriculture value added per worker and economic growth in the short run and long run. Similarly, there subsists a positive short run and the long run association between direct tax revenue, indirect revenue, non-tax revenue and total government spending. It is obtained from the regression results that public spending on education, road length, number of tube wells and improved seed distribution have a significant and positive influence on agriculture value added per worker. Whereas, the impact of public spending on health was found positive but insignificant on agriculture value added per worker. Similarly, public spending on education, health, and road length have shown a positive influence on economic growth. Public spending on defence has positively while insignificantly influenced economic growth. Furthermore, the findings reveal that direct tax revenue, indirect tax revenue and non-tax revenue are positively associated with total government spending. Based on the regression results, the study recommends the allocation of greater resources to education, health and transport and communication sectors for agricultural growth and development.