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Molecular Investigation for the Role of Coat Protein in Transmission of Two Different Geminiviruses

Thesis Info

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Author

Khalid, Sana

Program

PhD

Institute

University of the Punjab

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Agricultural Technology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11406/1/sana%20khalid_%20UoP_2019.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726710438

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The Chickpea chlorotic dwarf viruses (CpCDV) are members of the proposed genus Mastrevirus of the family Geminiviridae. They are single-stranded DNA viruses transmitted by the leafhopper Orosius albicinctus Distant. This virus is notorious to cause chickpea stunt disease in chickpea. Chickpea is the major developed host of CpCDV. It is a winter/spring season trim, though cotton is developed amid the mid-year months with little, assuming any, cover between the two. In the field, the infection has just been distinguished in chickpea, lentil, sugar and beans. Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is a serious disorder of several plant species that belong to the family Malvaceae, the most important of which is cotton. CLCuD is caused by infections caused by viruses belong to the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) exclusively transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. which is the absolute most critical biotic requirement to cotton creation crosswise over Pakistan and northwestern India. A distinctive strain of CpCDV recognized in cotton plants, co-infected with Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV). Co-infection is additionally an essential for recombination happening amongst infections, and the accessible confirmation proposes that the present ordered structure of the family Geminiviridae has come about because of intergeneric recombination. Geminiviruses are transmitted in a circulative persisted and non-propagative manner and do not replicate in their insect vector. The capsids of all the whitefly transmitted geminivirus have at least one antigenic epitopes in like manner, and it has been proposed that those might be determinants of vector specificity, which would demonstrate that the coat protein (CP) assumes a prime part in infection transmission. Very few experiments have been performed so far to study the co-infection of a begomovirus together with a dicot infecting mastrevirus (CpCDV), infecting the same host plants i.e., Xanthium strumarium L. (weed), cotton and squash (dicot plants). In the coinfection of mastrevirus with begomovirus, mastrevirus not only expanded its host range but also has amplified individually from host plant. However, at that time it was still unclear whether the leafhopper transmits the CpCDV to new host plant or the whitefly did this job due to transencapsidation. Hence to explore this aforementioned aspect this study was designed to replace CP gene of CpCDV (Genus: Mastrevirus, xv Family: Geminiviridae) with the CP gene of Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV; Genus: Begomovirus, Family: Geminiviridae). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of whole genome of CpCDV (except CP region by using primers in opposite orientation) and CP gene of CLCuBuV was done. Ligate these two PCR amplified fragments in order to construct mastrebegomo chimeric virus. Infectivity assay was done by agroinfiltration of infectious clones of CpCDV, CLCuBuV+Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMβ) and mastrebegomo chimeric virus into tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana Domin.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The entire infectious clones alone and in combination were successfully transmitted and replicated inside the host plants and produce characteristics symptoms in tobacco and tomato leaves. However the plants infected with combination of CpCDV and CLCuBuV+ CLCuMβ showed more severe symptoms than others. Virus acquisition and transmission experiments were done using screen cages in an insectary. For this purpose aviruliferous whiteflies were used which first acquired the viruses during 48-72 hours from the agroinfiltered plants and then liberated to healthy tobacco and tomato plants for transmission for the period of one month. It was evident from the results that the B. tabaci unable to acquire and transmit CpCDV and mastrebegomo chimeric virus and the plants showed no symptoms of infection. Although whitefly successfully acquired and transmitted the begomovirus whose presence later confirmed by DNA extraction from whiteflies and symptomatic plants followed by PCR amplification of CP gene and full length genome of viruses for authentication of results. So it has been confirmed that whiteflies are not responsible for transmission of CpCDV and mastrebegomo chimeric virus from diseased plants to healthy one. Full-length sequences of dicot infecting mastreviruses and monocot infecting mastreviruses were obtained from GenBank and their sequence names were cross verified according to the new International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Master Species List 2016v1.3. For phylogenetic investigation, groupings were first adjusted in MEGA6 programming utilizing MUSCLE. For deciding the percent nucleotide identity, viral sequences were adjusted by MUSCLE in the sequence demarcation tool (SDT) program. The Recombination detection program (RDP-4) was utilized to recognize likely parents and the degree of recombination in dicot and xvi monocot contaminating mastreviruses. The interaction of CP of mastrebegomo chimeric virus protein with whitefly inhabiting endosymbiotic GroEL protein was determined by using several proteomics tools. The three dimentional models of both proteins were designed by using Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement (ITASSER) server and their stereochemical properties were determined by drawing ramachandaran plots. Physiochemical properties and hydropathy plot of mastrebegomo chimeric virus protein and GroEL protein was determined by using ProtScale while ProptParam tool was used to calculate the several chemical and physical parameters of the both proteins. Finally The Z-DOCK server was used which is well-known for protein-protein docking that runs top 10 predicates in the form of protein data bank (PDB) files. More or less it can be inferred that substitution of CP gene may expand our comprehension about the range and circulation of mastreviruses crosswise over world and will give the important data with respect to their control. Co-infection open ways to discover the potential variables, which made the mastreviruses to advance from monocotyledonous plants to dicotyledonous and their capacity to cause infection in non-host plants, along these lines extending its host run with the progression of time.
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منشی محمد احتشام علی کاکوروی

منشی محمد احتشام علی کاکوروی 
لکھنؤ کی سرزمین میں اپریل کے چوتھے ہفتہ میں ایک اور حادثہ پیش آیا یعنی کاکوری کے ممتاز خاندان کے رئیس جناب منشی محمد احتشام علی صاحب نے ۲۲؍ اپریل کی صبح کو ۷۵ برس کی عمر میں وفات پائی، کہنا چاہئے کہ اودھ میں قدیم شریفانہ جوہر وضعداری، دینداری، مروت، سیرچشمی، غربا نوازی اور مسکین پروری کا یہ اخیر نمونہ تھا، ان کی پوری زندگی میں جس میں وسعت کا زمانہ بھی تھا اور تنگی کا بھی، ان کے ہاتھ یکساں کھلے رہے اور اس اخفاء کے ساتھ کہ بائیں ہاتھ کو بھی داہنے ہاتھ کی خبر نہ تھی، وہ مولانا شاہ فضل رحمان صاحب گنج مراد آبادی سے بیعت تھے، اس تعلق کو اخیر اخیر وقت تک جس طرح نباہا، وہ ان کی سعادت مندی کا نشان ہے، پابندی یہ کہ مرتے وقت سجدہ عبودیت ادا کیا ہے اور صبر و شکر کے کلمے زبان سے نکلتے رہے۔
ان کی جوانی تھی کہ ندوۃ العلماء کا غلغلہ بلند ہوا، چونکہ اس مجلس کے سرپر فضل رحمانی سایہ فگن تھا۔ اس لئے حضرت شیخ کے سارے حلقہ بگوش اس کے حلقہ میں تھے اور اسی مناسبت سے جناب منشی محمد اطہر علی صاحب مرحوم اور ان کے ساتھ میں جناب منشی احتشام علی صاحب ندوہ کے خدام میں داخل ہوئے تھے، اپریل ۱۸۹۵؁ء میں اس کا پہلا جلسہ لکھنؤ میں ہوا تھا، اس اپریل ۱۸۹۵؁ء سے لے کر ۲۲؍ اپریل ۱۹۴۳؁ء کی صبح تک جب کہ انہوں نے زندگی کی اخیر سانس لی ہے، یکساں دلچسپی خلوص و انہماک سے اپنے فرائض کو انجام دیا ہے۔ نہ صرف رئیسوں میں بلکہ مسلمانوں میں اس قدامت خدمت اور مخلصانہ مذہبی خدمت گزاری کی مثال شائد ہی ملے۔
خیالی گنج میں ان کی بڑی اور وسیع کوٹھی، ان کے عزیزوں کا...

Iron deficiency and risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma Iron expression in oral carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma caused by excessive substance abuse like alcohol, tobacco etc.  Objectives: Aim of the present study was to evaluate the iron expression in different grades of OSCC and potential of iron staining as a prognostic marker and its importance as an essential nutrient in diet. Methods and Patients: It was a cross sectional study.A total of 40 oral biopsies were evaluated and the mean age of patients was 53.5 years with age range 23-80 years. 14 cases were well differentiated, 14 moderately differentiated and there were 12 poorly differentiated case. Iron staining was performed for all these cases. Results: Iron positivity was observed in 11 (27.5%) of OSCC patients with maximum iron positivity in well differentiated group (64.28%) of age range 20-40 years (70%). More patients had tongue as site of cancer. There was no genderwise difference in iron expression. Iron deficiency was associated with poor prognosis indicating iron as an important nutrient which can prevent OSCC if adequately present in our routine diet. Conclusions: Prevalence of iron positivity in young patients and initial stage of OSCC, indicates the protective effect of iron against oral squamous cell carcinoma

Managing Complexity in Governance Networks: the Case of Energy Sector in Pakistan

Governance networks are emerging as a prominent feature of contemporary public administration where different actors are in a position to exert power on public organizations exposing them to conflicting demands. Moreover, public organizations are exposed to contradictory institutional pressures as they try to attend to numerous and sometimes-conflicting prescriptions from different reform models. Whilst, the presence of contradictory institutional logics is well recognized, how organizations cope with the challenge of contradictory institutional logics remains under researched. A largely prevailing argument is that organizations indecisively conform to institutional pressures where new logic replaces the prior one. This argument provides an over simplified explanation of this complex phenomenon because organizations may use diverse strategies (and at-times hybrid responses) to incorporate multiple logics at the same time. Responding to this literature gap, this study addresses how public organizations experience and manage institutional complexity in the contemporary network arrangements in the public sector. This study uses a multi-level framework for analyzing institutional complexity incorporating macro-level sectoral reforms that present contradictory logics to organizations; the meso-level network characteristics that shape the complexity for the embedded organizations; and micro-level organizational attributes that enable them to handle complexity by choosing appropriate strategies. The study adopts an abductive research approach using case study research design taking Pakistan’s energy sector as the case; power network as the embedded unit (within the energy sector) for network analysis; and two public sector utilities (LESCO and IESCO) as embedded units within power network for organizational analysis. iii The study finds that diverse reform trajectories have exposed the energy sector to three competing institutional logics including traditional public administration (TPA) logic, new public management (NPM) logic and new public governance (NPG) logic, exposing the public organizations to institutional complexity. Additionally, under NPM-based fragmentation and NPG-based integration reforms, there is drastic shift in energy sector from vertically integrated bureaucracies to a web of autonomous organizations working in governance networks. Three notable characteristics of the power network are fragmentation, centralization and trust, which play a critical role in shaping the complexity for embedded organizations. The study finds that the embedded organizations (LESCO and IESCO) have incorporated multiple and conflicting institutional prescriptions through the strategies of differentiated hybridity (where diverse logics are addressed separately) and blended hybridity (where logics are blended for new solutions). In this regard, the critical attributes of organizations, that can enable them to better handle institutional complexity, include their task, leadership and governance structure. The study supports the argument of institutional logics perspective that the organizations actively incorporate multiple institutional pressures by developing hybrid solutions. This study contributes to existing literature by providing an explanation of how organizations respond varyingly to institutional pressures while choosing appropriate strategies. Moreover, it captures the emergence, structure and characteristics of governance networks in contemporary public administration in developing countries. It also delineates policy implications for the energy sector crises in Pakistan from a governance point of view.