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Home > Partitioning of Dry Matter and Nitrogen under Fertilizer-N Levels and Decapitation Stress in Wheat

Partitioning of Dry Matter and Nitrogen under Fertilizer-N Levels and Decapitation Stress in Wheat

Thesis Info

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Author

Muhammad Zahir Afridi

Program

PhD

Institute

The University of Agriculture

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/982

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726842033

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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) if cut before boot stage can be used for both forage and grain purposes, however it needs better nutrient management along with other agronomic practices to reduce the possible loss in grain yield. Experiments were conducted on imposing decapitation stress on wheat in comparison to no cut under different N levels and its application techniques to assess the crop response. The decapitation stress was imposed through cutting of foliage at 60 d after sowing. Three levels of nitrogen i.e. 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 were applied as full dose at sowing (M1), full dose at 2nd irrigation (M2) and split (M3) as half at sowing and half with 2nd irrigation to cut (C1) or no cut (C0) wheat. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block (RCB) design with four replications having a plot size of 3 x 5 m2. The dry matter yield along with N concentration of different plant parts were determined at different growth stages to assess the translocation of photosynthate and N at these various stages. Wheat cultivar Fakhre Sarhad was planted on 1st November during both growing seasons with seed rate of 120 kg ha-1. All plots applied with recommended levels of 50 kg P2O5 and K2O ha-1. The experiment was conducted on silty clay loam alkaline soil (pH = 7.7-8.2) at Agricultural Research Farm (Malakandher), NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar during 2004-05 and 2005-06. The experimental site was located at 17o, 35 ́ N and 35o, 41 ́ W with altitude of 450 meters above sea level. Decapitation of wheat crop at early growth stage provided sufficient fresh forage but on the cost of reduced spikes m-2, grains spike-1, plant height, thousand grains weight, biological and grain yields when compared to no cut plants. However, harvest index remained same for both treatments. Cut treatment of wheat enhanced the N content at boot and anthesis stages but not at maturity. While grain and straw N contents, grain protein and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) were the same for decapitated and un-decapitated plots. Cut plants had lower N uptakes, apparent nitrogen re-translocation and its efficiencies compared to un-cut plants. Nitrogen use efficiency was increased with decapitation compared to no cut plants. Increased nitrogen fertilization either in split or late application as full dose had resulted in high N content at boot stage, anthesis, and maturity stage. Increasing N levels up to certain point had increased straw and grain N content, nitrogen uptake, grain protein content, nitrogen harvest index, apparent N re-translocation efficiency were increased, whereas NUE was reduced with increasing the N levels. Late application of N as full dose or even two equal splits applications at sowing and/or with 2nd irrigation had improved the N content , total N uptake, N re- translocation and its efficiency, grain protein, and NUE. However, the application time had no effects on N content and protein contents at maturity as well as NHI. Nitrogen fertilization had improved soil total nitrogen after harvesting the wheat. Days to emergence and emergence m-2 was not affected with fertilizer-N and its levels. Delayed boot stage was observed with fertilizer-N and its split application. Nitrogen fertilization as well as split application had increased spikes m-2, plant height and thousand grains weight. Increased N fertilization and full application or two equal splits had increased the grains spike-1, grain and biological yields, and harvest index. The dry matter of wheat stem, leaves and flag leaf at boot stage enhanced with fertilizer-N. The fertilizer-N increased stem and flag leaf dry matter at boot stage with increasing fertilizer-N level where no impact on leaves dry matter was observed. The two equal split doses improved stem and leaves dry matter, delayed full dose improved leaves dry weight while fertilizer-N timing had no influence on flag leaf dry matter. The decapitation stress increased stem and flag leaf dry weight but reduced leaves dry weight at boot stage. The dry matter of stem, leaves, flag leaf, peduncle and spike improved with fertilizer-N at maturity compared to control. The increasing fertilizer-N levels had no influence on stem, leaves and flag leaf dry matter but enhanced peduncle and spike dry matter at maturity. Fertilizer-N timing had no impact on stem, spike, leaves and peduncle dry matter at maturity while only flag leaf dry matter improved with full delayed dose of N application. The decapitation stress reduced leaves, stem, flag leaf, peduncle and spike dry matter at maturity. On the basis of economic analysis optimum VCR (value cost return) and relative increase in income (RII) obtained with 150 kg N ha-1 split application. Where additional Rs. 4959 ha-1 as net income over control were obtained with decapitation of wheat crop. Keeping in view the results two equal split doses 150 kg N ha-1 at sowing and 2nd irrigation is recommended for higher grain yield and economic return.
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حسن پرستی ساڈا شیوہ۔۔۔

حسن پرستی ساڈا شیوہ، ماریا دم حضوری دا
فائدہ توں اٹھا نہ سجناں ساڈی ایس مجبوری دا
دودھ تاں پانی پایا ملدا، پوڈر وی ہن پایا اے
بھانویں لکھ پئے خالص لیے دودھ ہن کالی بوری دا
عاشقاں دے نال کیوں نہیں کردے بندے سوہنے باتاں
کوئی تاں حل ہن کرنا پئے گا مسئلے اس مزدوری دا
واعظ مینوں عشقوں روکے آکھے پڑھ صلواتاں نوں
مطلب میں ایہہ سمجھ نہیں سکیا، اوہندی گل ادھوری دا
جتھے یار نیں روٹیاں لائیاں اوتھوں روٹی کھانی ایں
بھانویں پھلکا ہکو دے دے مینوں اوس تندوری دا
پڑھ درود کروڑ سلاماں ہر دم ذات محمدؐ تے
ایہو ذکر خدا ملائکہ، خاکی، آبی، نوری دا
کر کر زُہد عبادتاں تھکے، یار نہ ملیا جا کے مکے
جیہڑے عشق دی بازی جتے، انھاں قرب حضوری دا

یہودیت، عیسائیت اور اسلام میں اجزائے حیوانات کے احکام کا تقابلی جائزہ

Almighty Allah bestowed honors and respect to mankind. Keeping in view the honor of mankind, Allah SWT blessed them also a purified, cleanse and Halal [permissible & Lawful] food. Moreover, the religious teachings are very clear and transparent in this regard to highlight the difference between what is beneficial and useful for them and what is harmful and injurious. Almighty Allah is very kind and compassionate to his servants and described definite commands and orders about such Animals which are adequate and effective to mankind and counts them in Halal category and otherwise are considered Restricted and Haram [impressible & unlawful]. So all kinds of animals which are harmful are prohibited with exception of their some body organs and which are useful are described with their all qualities are halal in mentioned divine religions i.e. Judaism, Christianity and Islam coupled with little changes in rulings about the use of body organs of impermissible animals like use of bones or skin etc. The paper emphasis on describing the disparities of three divine religions regarding the use of organs, skin of animals, bones and highlight their procedures of making them safe and useable for mankind. This study will lead us to know that which divine religion is more applicable and provides cleanse food to their followers along with having the status of eternity strength among three.

New Measures of Intuitionistic Inclusion and Similarity With Applications

Similarity and inclusion are two most important conceptual ways for looking at any possible relationships between objects (sets). A similarity measure is used for estimating the degree of resemblance/similarity between two objects while an inclusion measure expresses the degree to which one of the two is covered by the other one. In this dissertation, we have presented two different yet equally important approaches of defining similarity and inclusion measures for intuitionistic fuzzy sets. The first approach can be regarded as a logical approach implanting intuitionistic fuzzy implication, bi-implications and t-norms while the second one is a purely set theoretic approach having cardinalities and sets operations involved in its construction. In the logical approach, the degree of inclusion/ similarity was obtained by composing the intuitionistic logical operators (implications and bi-implications) with fuzzy measures on intuitionistic fuzzy sets. For this purpose we initially defined some new normal fuzzy measures on intuitionistic fuzzy sets along with a class of scalar cardinality measure for intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Later, we introduced different classes of intuitionistic fuzzy bi-implication operators having axiomatic as well as constructive approaches. A study on the properties of these bi-implication operators by utilizing Lukasiewicz intuitionistic fuzzy implicator revealed some remarkable results. The intuitionistic fuzzy bi-implication operators along with new defined fuzzy measures gave rise to multiple classes of intuitionistic fuzzy bi-implicator based similarity measures for intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Also the same normal fuzzy measures were employed to obtain the degree of inclusion between two intuitionistic fuzzy sets when composed with intuitionistic fuzzy implication operators. The new implication based classes of inclusion and similarity measures fulfilled almost all of the universally accepted criteria’s. In the set theoretic approach, we employed one of the members of new introduced scalar cardinality of intuitionistic fuzzy sets to construct a four parametric family of cardinality based similarity and inclusion measures. Both of these parametric families, for different combinations of parameters, generated intuitionistic fuzzy versions of some of the famous crisp measures of time. Lastly, the utility of the new measures (similarity, inclusion, cardinality and others) of intuitionistic fuzzy sets introduced in this work is exhibited by utilizing them as a part of solution techniques to the problems arising in real life situations.