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Removal of Selected Heavy Metals from Drinking Water Samples by Magnetic Graphic Carbon Nanostructures

Thesis Info

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Author

Muneeb Ur Rehman Khattak, Muhammad

Program

PhD

Institute

Hazara University

City

Mansehra

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12884/1/Final%20Thesis%20%20Muneeb%20Khattak.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727081368

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The heavy metal is considered as severe pollutants owing to their toxicity, persistence and bio-accumulative nature in environment. Drinking water contamination with different chemicals and heavy metals, released from different anthropogenic sources has become a global concern. The pollution of drinking water is a relatively new problem due to which increase in stress is arising as a result of unprecedented growth in population, urbanization, and industrialization in recent years. The contamination of water resources has important reflection for the environment and human health. The present study was aimed to determine the heavy metal contamination levels in ground water samples from various areas of Pakistan. Furthermore a novel adsorbent was prepared to remove heavy metals from drinking water. The determination of heavy metals in drinking water was carried out in the samples of selected districts from four provinces of Pakistan. The results showed that the level of Arsenic was found maximum 6.74 ug/L in DI Khan district of KPK whereas the maximum concentration of lead 9.38 ug/L were observed in drinking water samples from district Abbottabad of KPK province. The level of chromium and copper were found within the permisible limits of samples collected from selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa. Whereas the zinc was found 10.849 ug/L in the samples collected from district Abbottabad KPK. In case of Punjab province the highest concentration of chromium 6.80 ug/L was determined in the samples from district Bahawalpur whereas all the heavy metals concentration of all the studied samples were examined within the limits. The concentration of zinc was determined maximum 10.431 ug/L in the samples of district Bahawalpur followed by 10.38 ug/L in the samples collected from Lahore district. The contamination of heavy metals in the samples of drinking water from Sind province was noted highly contaminated with zinc 35.0 ug/L in the samples of district Hyderabad followed by 31.0 ug/L in the samples collected from district Karachi and 29.0 ug/L in the samples from district Sukkar. While Sukkar district showed the concentration of Arsenic 9.00 ug/L whereas the concentration of lead 7.321 ug/L was found higher in district Hyderabad samples. Maximum samples were found within the limits for heavy metals contamination in Baluchistan province however the zinc content 36.24 and 31.00 ug/L were noted highest value in the drinking water samples of Jaffarabad and Zhob districts respectively. Keeping in view the heavy metals contamination from various provinces of Pakistan, a novel adsorbent from water melon and melon waste were prepared to remove these heavy metals from drinking water. The magnetic carbon nano structure from water melon and melon waste were prepared in a specially designed chamber consists of an electric heater, inlet for nitrogen gas and an outlet for exhaust. The prepared adsorbents were then characterized by scanning electron Microscope (SEM) for size and surface morphology whereas X-ray diffratimeter (XRD) was used for confirmation of crytallinity. The EDX results showed the elemental analysis of Iron and oxygen followed by TG/DTA characterization for determination of its thermal stability. The kinetics studies showed that the Pseudo-first order kinetic model was best fit for the adsorbent prepared from water melon waste while the Pseudo-second order kinetics model was best fit for the adsorbents prepared from melon wastes. Removal of heavy metals (As, Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn) from aqueous solution has been investigated by batch studies and the adsorption of heavy metals on the prepared adsorbents was dependent on various factors like solution pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, initial loading of contaminant and contact time. The adsorption on both adsorbents was highly affected by pH providing maximum adsorption above pH 7 whereas equilibrium was achieved in 280 mins for adsorbent prepared from water melon waste and 320 mins. for the adsorbents prepared from melon waste. Giles adsorption isotherm was C type for both the adsorbents and heavy metals except Giles isotherm for Arsenic and Chromium for melon and water melon waste which were L type. Freundlich isotherm model for adsorbent prepared from melon waste was recognized to be the best fit model indicating multi-layered adsorption on heterogeneous adsorption sites of the adsorbent with maximum adsorption capacity. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that heavy metals adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The spontaneous character of the process is signified by the negative values of at different temperatures as well as shows high affinity of the heavy metals towards the prepared adsorbents. As the values of increases with the increase in temperature shows that at high temperature the adsorption process is more favorable for the heavy metals adsorption.
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۲۔ اعتراف

اعتراف

میں دو دیوتائوں کا بھگت

جنھوں نے میرا بخت چمکایا

پہلا دیوتا جس کا مندر

جیسا باہر ویسا اندر

جہاں محبت کی شمعیں جلتی ہیں

درد کے سنکھ بجتے ہیں

جس کی کشتِ سخن زرخیز ہے

جس میں گلاب و سمن مہکتے ہیں

اور مرغانِ خوش نوا چہکتے ہیں

میرے اندر کے تار بجتے ہیں

مجھے ذوقِ ادب کا خزانہ دیا

لکھنا، پڑھنا، بولنا سکھایا

اظہار و بیان کا سلیقہ سمجھایا

پھر میں ایک ایسے دیوتا کے سپرد ہوا

جس کا مندر دیوتائوں کاعجائب گھر

جہاں شعور و فکر کے دیپ جلتے ہیں

جہاں علم و سخن کے گَجر بجتے ہیں

جس نے میری تپسیا کو بھاگ لگائے

میرے لفظ و معانی کو راگ دیے

میری سوچ کو پر لگائے

لفظوں کے جنگل سے خیال و معنی کے پھول چننے کا سلیقہ سکھایا

مجھے تو دوئی راس آگئی

یعنی مجھے پیاس بھا گئی

Reflections on the Economy of Asean Countries in the Face of the Covid-19 Pandemic

This article discusses the Economic Reflections of Asean countries in facing the Covid-19 Pandemic in several Asean countries, namely Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia. Vietnam's economic growth was victorious, the economies of various countries in other Southeast Asian regions were battered by the corona virus. The process of economic growth is influenced by two kinds of factors, namely economic factors and non-economic factors. Economic factors, which are none other than production factors, are the main force affecting economic growth. Malaysia has proven to the world community that its country is capable of managing its economy even in challenging circumstances. He quoted the IMF as global economy recorded negative growth and in Indonesia it seems that contraction in income activities in some income classes is affected. In the second quarter there is a slowdown, then in the third quarter the savings are enormous. It could be that consumption, which has been a factor in economic growth, will be a challenge. In an effort to maintain economic stability during the Covid-19 pandemic. This reflects that the economies of ASEAN countries, even in the world, are currently under the same pressure due to the Covid-19 virus pandemic, the world economy this year will experience a recession.

Factors Associated With Late Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease in Kenya

Introduction: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital anomaly (one-third of all congenital anomalies) with a global birth prevalence of 8/1,000 live births. About 30-50% of all CHD can be categorized as those that will result in death or long-term disability if surgery or catheter-based intervention is not done within one year (major CHD) or four weeks (critical CHD). Early diagnosis of CHD with subsequent prompt surgical/catheter-based interventions has been associated with better outcomes. In this study, late diagnosis of CHD is defined as cases of CHD diagnosed after the first year of life. Knowledge on presentations of CHD, rates of late diagnosis and associated factors is required to bridge knowledge and care gaps that currently exist locally. Research Question: What are the factors that are associated with late diagnosis amongst children diagnosed with CHD in Kenya? Study Objectives: This study aims to describe the proportion of patients with CHD who are diagnosed late as well as the factors that are associated with the late diagnosis. It also aims to assess access to corrective surgery/catheter-based intervention by children with CHD in Kenya. Study Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study of children 18 years and below diagnosed with CHD on follow up at the three major cardiac referral centers in Kenya (Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Mater Hospital and Kenyatta National Hospital) between January 2011 and December 2016. A total of 411 Patient files were analyzed after randomly selecting patients from all three referral centers based on the number of patients with CHD on follow up in each facility using the ratio (26:75:75). Patients with CHD were categorized into those who were diagnosed late and those who were diagnosed early. Continuous variables were analyzed using summary statistics such as means (ranges) or median (IQR) and categorical and discrete data were analyzed using percentages/proportions. Tests of association between variables and outcome was performed using chi square for categorical and continuous variables and any variable with p-value <0.25 was included in the model. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with the late diagnosis of CHD adjusting for age and sex of the patient. P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of the 411 patients analyzed, 205 (49.9%) were male and 206 (50.1%) were female. The median (IQR) age at diagnosis was 15 (5-48) months and the proportion of patients with CHD who were