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Home > Response of Maize Zea Mays L. to Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid under Limited Water Availability

Response of Maize Zea Mays L. to Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid under Limited Water Availability

Thesis Info

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Author

Irfan, Muhammad

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Agricultural Technology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13510/1/Muhammad_Irfan_Crop_Phsiology_HSR_2018_UAF_07.08.2018.docx

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727091358

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Premise of the research- Maize occupies a reputed rank among the top cereals of the world. Drought stress alters various physiological and biochemical processes going on in the maize plants resulting into various irreparable damages to various organelles of the plant cells which ultimately causes a significant loss of yields. Various plant growth regulators are reported to have positive roles in the drought stress amelioration. However, exogenous application of SA on the maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids has been argued to have role in abiotic stress amelioration but the studies supporting the notion are scant. Methodology- Laboratory, wire-house, lysimeters and filed experiments were conducted for this study. Polyethylene glycol (PEG8000) induced water deficit conditions were imposed on eight spring maize hybrids selected from different sources for screening at germination stage. Seeds were sown in the Petri plates were applied with PEG8000 @ -0.6MPa. In the wire-house conditions same eight maize hybrids were screened at seedling stages. In this study two drought stress conditions (100% FC and 60% FC) were imposed on the maize hybrids. From these experiments two maize hybrids were selected as drought tolerant (DK-6525) and drought sensitive (NK-8711) as drought sensitive one. These two maize hybrids were then used for the dose optimization study for seed priming and foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA). In the dose optimization for seed priming with SA five treatments (No priming, hydro-priming, priming with SA @ 50 mg L-1, 100 mg L-1 and 150 mg L-1) were applied to the both maize hybrids in the normal as well as water deficit conditions. From the above study seed priming with mg L-1 gave better results. In the same way for the dose optimization of foliar spray the same experimentation was repeated as was in priming experiment. There were two moisture stress levels were selected in which no water stress conditions and water stress conditions were imposed. SA was applied at the rate of no spray, water spray, SA @ 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1. SA at the rate of 100 mg L-1 was found best of all. In the next experiment, optimum method of SA application was found, in this experiment plant were sown till their maturity. There were nine treatments in this experiment: (1) No Priming and No Spray (2) Hydro-priming (3) Priming with optimum dose of SA selected from the previous experiment (4) Water spray at vegetative growthstage (5) Foliar spray of SA at the vegetative growth stage (6) Water spray at reproductive stage (7) Foliar spray of SA at the reproductive stage (8) priming along with foliar at vegetative stage and(9) priming with SA along with foliar spray with SA at the reproductive stage. Foliar spray of SA @ 100 mg L-1 at vegetative growth stage was found more viable method. Further, another experiment was conducted to find the best time of SA application in this experiment following treatments: (1) no spray at all (2) spray with distilled water and (3) foliar spray of SA at the rate of 100 mg L-1 were applied in the four moisture stress conditions: (1) no moisture stress which was considered as control (2) moisture stress at vegetative growth stage (3) moisture stress at reproductive stage and (4) moisture stress at vegetative and reproductive stages both). Vegetative growth stage was found more responsive towards the foliar spray of SA @ 100 mg L-1. After that the above mentioned studies were checked in the field conditions for two consecutive growing seasons. In the field conditions water stress was imposed by skipping the irrigations at the vegetative growth stages, instead of applying irrigation SA was sprayed at the above mentioned rate. Control conditions were those where no spray was done at all. Agronomic parameters recorded suggested that SA was found effective in ameliorating the negative impacts of drought and ultimately an increase in the yields was observed. The same trends were observed in the next year filed experiment Conclusion- Maize hybrids were suggested to screen for their drought tolerance potential for precision agriculture and SA spray can compensate the losses water absence by improving drought tolerance and enhancement of yields.
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7. Al-A’raf /The Elevated

7. Al-A’raf /The Elevated

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

07:01
Alif. Lam. Mim. Sad.
07:02
This Book - The Qur’an - is being sent down on to you O The Prophet.
So let there be no distress in your heart due to this.
While you are to warn the disbelieving audience through it,
this is a Reminder to the believers.
07:03
O The People!
Follow what is being sent down on to you by your Rabb - The Lord, and
do not follow the whims of others or take others for worship apart from HIM.
Yet little you understand and follow.
07:04
And how many of habitations have WE destroyed before!
So it happened that OUR Punishment came upon them suddenly - either by the night or
while they were in the midst of their noon-nap.
07:05
And when OUR Punishment finally overtook them, they had nothing to say, except crying out:
‘We have indeed been unfair’ to ourselves by sinning!
07:06
It will be during the Time of the Final Judgment that WE will certainly question those to whom WE had assigned OUR Messengers if they followed their teachings, and
WE will also question the Messengers if they had conveyed OUR Message and how did the people respond to it.
07:07
WE will definitely recount their deeds and dealings to them with knowledge and accuracy,
for WE were never absent from their midst!
07:08
And at The Time of the Final Judgment, the weighing of their deeds and dealings will be
fair and just.

Then whose deeds of righteousness will be heavier than their bad deeds on the scales,
those –...

الإمام زفر: أصوله الفقهية وآرائه المفتي بها في تفسير الأحكام

Compilation and codification of Islamic jurisprudence is a great achievement of the Islamic literary history. The productivity andfertility of the mind of the Muslims Scholars was a true and brilliant field of cognitive process. Ilanafi school of thought display in these Muslims societies from practice point of view always dominated. In this respect the Imam Zufar (RA) (110AH) had been a great scholar in Ilanafi Canon with his unique multi-dimensional features and characteristics. Nevertheless, He iras a prominent jurist, Muhaddis, Justice and Mujtahid. He paved a different path to have difference of opinion with his great teacher Imam Abu Hanifa as well as with the rest offamous jurists. This article emphasis on those principles along with examples that at the end evolved to have become his exclusive principles for inference of the Shari. ahka am. This article will also highlight his versatile scholary life and will help the researchers to investigate about his seminal work.

Salinity and Extreme Temperature Effects on Sprouting Buds of Sugarcane Saccharum Officinarum L. : Some Histological and Biochemical Studies

Sugarcane shows reduced crop stand under relatively suboptimal conditions, the main reason for this is sensitivity of bud tissue to temperature fluctuations and salinity at sowing time. The aim of these studies was to explore the physiological, developmental and molecular changes occurring in the immature sugarcane buds under heat, cold and salt stresses, and possible role of proline and glycinebetaine in mitigating the changes in a time course manner during sprouting of nodal buds. All the stresses reduced bud fresh and dry weight, led to the generation of H 2 O 2 , reduced the tissue levels of K + and Ca 2+ , but enhanced the synthesis of osmolytes in a time course manner. Heat stress mainly produced oxidative damage and acted as a dehydrative force, whereas cold stress caused oxidative stress and slowed down the physiological activities. Salinity was the most damaging of all the stresses. The main effects of salinity were the accumulation of Na + and Cl - , reduced tissue contents of Ca 2+ and K + and enhanced synthesis of H 2 O 2 in the developing sugarcane bud. As for histological changes, all the stresses delayed and reduced the formation of new bud leaves and their expansion, which was mainly because of reduction in the number and area of mesophyll cells and poor development of vascular bundles. The pretreatment of bud chips with proline and GB effectively reduced stress effects being more effective under heat stress followed by cold stress and the least under salinity stress. As revealed from the correlation studies, although pretreatment with proline and GB appeared to have no direct role in stress tolerance, main effects were the reduced generation of H 2 O 2 , improvement in the K + and Ca 2+ nutrition and further enhancement in the levels of free proline, GB and soluble sugars under heat and cold stress. Under salt stress, the pretreatment reduced Na + and Cl - , in addition to the observed effects under heat and cold stresses. Histological changes revealed that the pretreatment with osmoprotectants increased the mesophyll cell area leading to expansion in the bud leaves and led the development of elaborated vascular tissues. Of the two, GB was more effective than proline for all stress treatments but for different measured variables. Detailed studies on the molecular and metabolic responses indicated the enhanced expression of Asn, dehydrins, LEA and GAPDH genes, stronger accumulation of proline and alanine followed by glycine, glutamic viiiacid and 5-oxo-proline. Among the sugars, sucrose followed by diethylene glycol, fructose, glucose and glycerol, and nucleic acids, adenosine and uracil, as well as organic acids, aconitate, chlorogenate, ribonate_put, quinate, pipecolate, erythronate, GABA, glucoronate, gluconate, glucarate, glucoranate and octadecanoate showed accumulation at all temperature treatments and time periods. HCA and LVL revealed that out of 108 metabolites, chlorogenate, putrescine, octadecanoate, fructose, proline, glycine, sucrose, quinate, trans-aconitate, guanine, GABA and ethanolamine showed greater accumulation under high temperature. In crux, albeit all stresses deterred the transition of bud from immature to mature state, the salinity was the most damaging. In most cases, improvement produced by proline was greater than GB. Heat stress revealed distinct patterns of gene expression and metabolites synthesis. The correlation data showed that pretreatment with the osmoprotectants improved bud growth under stress regimes; the roles are indirect in improved Ca 2+ and K + nutrition and reduced production of H 2 O 2 . Nevertheless, these findings suggest that in low to moderately hot, cool and saline areas sugarcane bud sprouting can be improved by pretreatment of bud chips with the 20 mM levels of proline and GB and requisite crop stand can be achieved