آخرت سے متعلق ”ترجمان القرآن“ کے کلامی مباحث کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

In this universe, if we look at the arrival of a human being, it will open up to us the secret that man did not come in this world suddenly, but he had gone through several worlds before stepping into this universe. The First World is called spiritual world where his soul was present and the argument is that when the soul enters the body of the baby and he starts to move in the womb of the mother, so the question now arises where was that soul before it entered the baby’s body? And where did that soul come from? Where it was and wherever it came from, the name of that universe is Spiritual world. After the spiritual world, there is a second world in the womb of the mother. In this world a man must live for at least nine months. Stop for a minute to see this amazing system of power that a baby remains alive in a moving grave for at least nine months. The object is to say that if a human being has to go through two worlds before coming into the universe, so if a fourth world is accepted after this world, what is the rational prohibition behind it? The life in the fourth world is called the life of Hereafter. If there is any disagreement with this name then let’s another name, but a fourth world still have to believe, because when the soul comes out of body after death, the same question will arise here that where did the soul go? In this article, it is examined that how author of “Tarjuman al-Qur’an” Abul Kalam Azad has proved the reality of life of Hereafter and what kind of arguments have given as an evidence in this tafsir?

Production of Biodiesel Analysis and Testing the Performance of Biodiesel Engine by Using Indigenous Resources

This study aims to find out the potential of three different non-edible feedstocks namely Jatropha, Castor and Linseed for biodiesel production. The mechanical expeller was used for oil extraction in Biofuel Laboratory, Energy & Environment Engineering Department, QUEST Nawabshah.The transesterification process was used to produce biodiesel with homogenous catalyst (Sodium hydroxide and Potassium hydroxide).The physcio-chemical properties such as kinematic viscosity, flash point, cetane number and density, Free fatty acids, Sulphur contents, Pour point, Total acid, Cloud point, Water content and Calorific value of crude oil and biodiesel were determined before and after production of biodiesel followed by ASTM standard methods. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Model Agilent 5975 GC-MSD was used for determination of fatty acid composition. The IUPAC method was applied for preparation of methyl esters of free fatty acids. The blends were prepared with 90%, 80% and 70% of petro diesel and 10%, 20% and 30% of biodiesel. These blends were designated as JB10, JB20 and JB 30 for Jatropha, CB10, CB20 and CB30 for Castor, and LB10, LB20 and LB 30 for Linseed respectively. After examining the characteristics of blended biodiesel samples, these were used in Internal Combustion (I.C) Engine for performance analysis and emission level. The results revealed that diesel oil has lower thermal efficiency as compared to all biodiesel blends. Out of all blends, JB10 showed higher efficiency with 22.32% and JB20 lower with 16.83% thermal efficiency as compared to 15.94% of D-100. However, almost same thermal efficiency of 19.5, 19.6, 19.0%, was found from 30% blends of JB, CB and LB respectively. It was discovered from the analysis that Jatropha blend of 10% (JB10) was more useful for achieving higher thermal efficiency in I.C. Engine. Moreover, the NOx concentration found by Chauhan was 2200 ppm, 2500 & 2700 for JB10, JB20 & JB30 respectively, whereas in this research work the NOx concentration was found in the range of 25-39 ppm in all blends of Jatropha. Based on overall thermal efficiency, particulates and gases emissions, 30% blends of Jatropha, Castor as well as Linseed may be recommended for utilization in I.C. Engines. This study also revealed that if 30% diesel oil is replaced with blended biodiesel of non-edible oils, then an amount upto Rs.138.6 Billion could be saved at national level.