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Study of Inhibition of Interferon Inducible Genes by Dephosphorylation of E2 Envelope Gene of Hcv Genotype 1A

Thesis Info

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Author

Samia Afzal

Program

PhD

Institute

University of the Punjab

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2012

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Natural Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2681/1/2674S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727377601

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Hepatitis C is a major health problem affecting more than 200 million individuals in World including Pakistan. Current treatment regimen consisting of interferon alpha and ribavirin does not always succeed to eliminate virus completely from the patient’s body. The mechanism how Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) induces interferon resistance is still indefinable. HCV genotype 1a shows greater hindrance to treatment than genotype 3a. One of the mechanisms by which virus evades the antiviral effect of interferon alpha involves that HCV envelope protein 2 (E2) interacts with Protein Kinase (PKR) which is the interferon-inducible protein kinase and which in turn blocks the activity of its target molecule called eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α). Sequence analysis of Envelope protein reveals it contains a domain homologous to phosphorylation sites of PKR and the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. This domain is known as protein kinase (PKR) eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) phosphorylation homology domain (PePHD). This domain in HCV genotype 1 strains is reportedly homologous to PKR and its target eIF2α. Thus envelope protein competes for phosphorylation with PKR. By binding to PKR, PePHD inhibits its activity and therefore cause virus to evade antiviral activity of interferon (IFN). In the present study the possible role of phosphorylation in envelope 2 protein for interferon resistance was first investigated in silico and then confirmed invivo. Genes coding for envelope 2 protein were isolated from local HCV isolates and their tertiary structure was predicted. Insilico phosphorylation of tertiary structures revealed that two residues S75 and S277 of envelope 2 gene are surface exposed at cytoplasmic domain and may compete with the phosphorylation of PKR protein. Interferon induced antiviral protein PKR has a role in the HCV treatment as dsRNA activated PKR has the capacity to phosphorylate the serine and threonine of E2 protein and dimerization of viral RNA. E2 gene of HCV genotype 1 has an active role in IFN resistance. E2 protein inhibits and terminates the kinase activity of PKR by blocking it in protein synthesis and cell growth. This brings forward a possible relation of E2 and PKR through a mechanism via which HCV evades the antiviral effect of IFN. A hybrid in-silico and wet laboratory approach of motif prediction, evolutionary and structural analysis has pointed out serine 75 and 277 of the HCV E2 gene as a promising candidate for the serine phosphorylation. It is proposed that Serine phosphorylation of HCV E2 gene has a significant role in interferon resistance. In present study we mutated the two Serineresidues at positions S75 and S277 and their efficacy was checked in respect to interferon resistance. The results of this study suggest that serine residues as predicted have a significant role in interferon resistance, especially S75. It is also suggested that some other factors may be involved along with viral envelope gene 2.
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شانِ نورِ صاحبِؐ لولاک یوں سمجھی گئی


شانِ نورِ صاحبِ لولاکؐ یوں سمجھی گئی
خِلقتِ کُن کی بِنا اِس نُور پر رکھی گئی

یاد جب بھی آ گئے وہ صاحبِ خلقِ عظیمؐ
ہر کسی پر پیار آیا ؛ دل سے ہر تلخی گئی

بُت پرستی پر لگائی ضرب حق کچھ اس طرح
پھر نہ آئی لوٹ کر ؛ ایسی مٹی ، ایسی گئی

آپؐ کے در پر سخاوت کو عُروج اِتنا ملا
مانگ لی خیرات جس نے بھی اُسے ملتی گئی

خلوتِ غم میں جسے غمخوار کی یاد آ گئی
آپؐ کی موجودگی میں اُس کی تنہائی گئی

مسجدِ اقصیٰ میں عرفاںؔ! ہر نبیؑ کی ذاتِ پاک
تاجدارِ انبیاؐ کی اِقتدا کرتی گئی

الاصابہ فی تمییز الصحابہ میں نماز و روزے سے متعلقہ روایاتِ اَحکام کا تحقیقی جائزہ Research Review of the Traditions of Rulings on Prayer and Fasting in Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah

The book “Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah” is a famous book of Ibn Ḥajar ‘Asqalānī on the life and contribution of the Companions. This book is quoted as a reference to decide the status of companions. It would not be wrong to call it the encyclopedia of the companions of the Holy Prophetﷺ. Apart from its status as a reference book regarding the companions this book encompasses the Seerah of Holy Prophet in a detailed and well composed manner. The distinction of the book is not hidden from the experts of science and research. In the book and other similar books, the life of the companions was discussed and the biography of the Prophet ﷺwas also described, but another aspect that remained unexplored in these books is the virtues and commandments mentioned in it. There are also narrations about virtues. In this paper the researcher has evaluated the Hadiths related to prayer and fasting that are narrated in Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah. The evaluation comprises of authenticity of narrators and text, narrators’ mutual association or disassociation and the final decree about the authenticity of a hadith in the light of all available evidences.

الکنایۃ و الاستعارہ فی صحیح مسلم Hadith Sharif is consider primary source of Arabic language. No one can deny its importance in Arabic language, literature and rhetoric, Sahi Muslim is consider as the second most authentic book of Hadith

Nabvi after Shahi Bukhari. Shahi Muslim is the collection of Al-Ahadith collected by Imam Muslim (Muslim bin Alhajaj), who travelled widely to gather his colection of ahadith including to Saudia Arabia, Iraq, Syria and Egypt where he attended the lectures of some prominent scholars of his time i-e Ishaq bin Rahwih, Ahmad bin Hanbal and Ubaid ullah al Qaweri. He have great relation with Imam Bukahri.It is said that he collected about 300,000 Hadith from hundreds of narrators. He began the tiresome task of refining the collected material.Imam Muslim was very strict in examining the Hadith from all aspects. Thus he extracted approximately 4,000 for his book, which is divided into 54 books, containing a total of 12,000 narrations. And these saying og Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) are treasure of Arabic language and literature. Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations.Rectoric is divided into three branches: ilm ul bayan ilm ul maa'ni ilm ul bade and these branches are divided into more sub branches. Metonamy and Metaphor are branches of ilm ul byan ela. I have selected Analytical Study of Metonymies and Metaphors in Shahi Muslim" as this will help to common person to understand Ahadith and tradition of Arabs, because Rhetoric made text beautiful as well as difficult to understand to foreigners.so i tried to make an effort to pick it out and define these words to understand circumstances and situation of that time. Briefly, my thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters and a final conclusion. • First Chapter: Precise introduction of "Sahih Muslim" and its "Writer". The chapter consists of three sub chapters. • Second Chapter: Precise introduction of Rhetoric and its branches. This Chapter has five sub chapters. • Third Chapter: Metonymies and Metaphor in SAHIH MUSLIM. This chapter is divide into two sub chapters.