جدوں اویس دا ٹُٹا دند
ہوئے حضوری وچ پسند
رہن عاشق توں پاسے پاسے
ہور نہیں دیندے کوئی گزند
عشق توں رہندے دور دراڈے
جیہڑے بندے عقل مند
سوہنے ڈگدے سوہنیاں اتے
کر کے ساڈا ساہ بند
ہمدردی تے خدمت سیوا
ایہو نیکاں دی ہے ، ھند
دکھاں درداں دے جو ساتھی
دنیا اتے بندے چند
ڈرے حنیف خدا توں خبرے
کیہڑا اوہنوں رنگ پسند
Kabul was a bridge between Indian Mughal Empire and Central Asia, the ancestral homeland of the founder of the Mughal Empire. Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, carries about 3,500 years old historical records mentioning Kabul with different names like, Kubha, Gandahara, Kabura, Ortospana, Kapul, Zavul, and Zabul etc. Many great warriors and conquerors from Central Asia used Kabul as their route to India. It was also known as a gateway to India and Central Asia. Kabul became the foundation stone for the Mughal Empire in India. During the Mughal era Kabul entered into a new phase and with the invasion of Babur the area got the position of the capital of the Mughals. The early Mughal rulers paid much attention to the affairs of Kabul, because their existence to a greater extent was dependent on their strong hold over Kabul. The research work is focused on development of Kabul under Mughal kings particularly Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. The later Mughal kings after Aurangzeb were not able to end political disturbances in Kabul which not only displeased the people of Kabul but also encouraged the neighbouring powers to invade the valley. Historical and analytical methods are used in this research and Pashtu, Dari, Urdu and English sources have been utilized to gauge development of Kabul during that point in time. No research work has been carried out on this aspect of Kabul so far. The analysis of the development of Kabul under Mughals brings to limelight the geostrategic and politico-economic worth of Kabul as an important Caravanserai on the trade route between Central and South Asia.
In Pakistan, universities have been experiencing conflict at alarming rate during the past few years. A number of conflicts have reached the court of law thus by losing a lot of time in litigation. Martial Law was imposed for more than half of its life in the country. The study of conflict management in this budding democracy is most relevant and appropriate. Within educational institutions especially, the influence of conflicts has affected the relations i.e. interpersonal and intergroup. The purpose of this research is to gain an insight into the conflict management in the Higher Education Institutions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Other variables were also included in the research to obtain a clear picture of conflict experience, types, sources and formal mechanism for the resolution of conflicts. A self-administered questionnaire with five point Likert scale was used. The data was then tabulated and analyzed by using t-test, ANOVA, Correlation and Regression. The most striking finding was that there was no formal mechanism at place in the HEIs to resolve the conflicts, which is making the conflict management a distant dream. Results indicate that conflict is intense in the public sector universities; Interpersonal conflict is more prevalent in public sector while task conflict is high in the private sector universities. Findings indicate that faculty in both types of universities use integrating, compromising and avoiding styles simultaneously in case of conflict. There is no significant difference in the conflict management strategies of both types of universities. Results of this study indicate the need for effective training on conflict management for educational administrators which will improve the conditions in the departments of HEIs. The study also revealed that the exercise of conflict management strategies hinges upon a variety of variables. Examples of these include gender, qualification, designation, age, experience, position and type of university.