Islamic Perspective of Governance and Judiciary: A Literature Review

The aim of this research is to accumulate the literature related to an Islamic ideology for two of the basic components of a State, Governance and Judiciary; both have a strong impact on society. Pakistan is an Islamic ideological state, the only Islamic rule created on the name of religion after the state established by the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be Upon Him) in Medina. Its constitution and the style of governance should have its foundation based upon the principles of Islam; this is the main concept behind the creation of “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”. The paper will review some of the basic requirements for an administrative system to be qualified as Islamic way of governance and the judicial system in Islam includes the formulation of a comprehensive ideology of human equality and justice; the creation of a powerful incentive to adopt this ideology; and to establish a living example of equality and justice at all levels of life by defining the Islamic Judicial System & Its Legal Basis. Different Quranic verses, sayings and acts of Muslim jurists in this perspective are also studied. The paper has literature review in two major parts, first we will cover governance and Islam along with some basic terminologies from Islamic point of view and in the later part Judiciary, the concept of Justice and Judicial system in Islam will be discussed.

Effect of Salicylic Acid and Gibberellic Acid on Morphological and Physiological Changes in Drought-Stressed Wheat Triticum Aestivum L. Crop

Global warming and uneven climatic change have augmented the drought prevalence. These dilemmas are enforcing the agri- scientist to develop some long term future policies. The aim of present study was to examine the method for improved growth and development of wheat under the premises of drought. Five wheat cultivars were used to investigate the consequence of drought on plants and it was also investigated that how hormonal priming can be helpful to cope drought. Seed of these wheat cultivars were primed in 10-4 M Gibberellic acid and Salicylic acid concentration. The response of antioxidant enzymes was variable among the non primed and primed seeds for all studied genotypes. Shahkar had the highest protease activity in primed seeds while AARI-11 had the highest amylase activity. Similarly, AARI-11, Shahkar and Chakwal-50 had the highest Superoxide dismutase activity while Shahkar and Pakistan-13 had the highest peroxidase activity. Cell membrane thermo stability, proline and relative water contents were decreased under drought stress. Hormonal priming with Gibberellic acid and Salicylic acid improved the physiological response and antioxidant enzymes activities in some genotypes under both conditions. Yield and its contributing traits yield components were lessened under the effect of drought. FSD-08 and Pakistan-13 showed maximum grain yield during control and drought condition. Priming increased the grain yield in all varieties. Grain quality characters were noticeably affected under drought stress. Hormonal seed priming was able to maintain the grain quality by minimizing the adverse effects of drought. FSD-08 was able to maintain the grain quality under normal and stress conditions. xx Drought is unavoidable under changing climatic scenario however famine can be avoided. The second experiment was conducted in order to know the mechanism of trans-generational effect of elevated carbon dioxide on winter wheat. Seeds obtained from the previous generations of ambient and elevated carbon dioxide were regrown under ambient (400ppm) and elevated (800ppm) within the green house. Drought stress was imposed for 4 days during anthesis stage and then plants were re-watered. Flag leaves were used to analyze the activities of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant enzymes. This transgenerational effect and its enzymatic basis were not investigated previously. Results showed that glycolytic intermediates and antioxidants were enhanced under elevated carbon which ultimately increased yield. Trans-generational effect indicated that seeds had stress memory and thus maintained the effect of previous exposure. We found within source (leaf) cytoplasmic invertases, sucrose synthase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities were decreased while the activity of cell wall invertases was increased under drought and elevated carbon. Similarly, the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and dialyzed peroxidase were decreased under drought and elevated carbon within the sink (spike). Likewise, the activities of sucrose synthase in the source and aldolase in the sink were increased upon re-watering indicating that water is playing an important role to activate these enzymes. Similarly, lower yield was recorded under ambient carbon dioxide. These results indicate that high metabolism of sucrose synthase within the source; aldolase and glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase within the sink can be helpful to mitigate the drought stress under elevated carbon dioxide.