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Home > What are the Policies and Practices of Maintaining Discipline in a Private Secondary School in Karachi, Pakistan

What are the Policies and Practices of Maintaining Discipline in a Private Secondary School in Karachi, Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Khan, Ismail

Department

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

Program

MEd

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2000

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728014326

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The term discipline', especially classroom discipline is an essential component in the teaching and learning process in schools. There is no single definition of this term, on which, the teachers and teacher educators have built a consensus. Much of the current literature discusses teaching opportunities that enable children to learn how to develop self-discipline, and to handle problems that arise within the school system. This contrasts with the authoritarian approach to discipline, that appears to be prevalent in most of the schools. The above two perspectives indicate that no consensus has been reached as far as definition and maintenance of discipline is concerned. This study was conducted to find out the existing approach to discipline in one of the private secondary schools in Karachi. For this purpose the qualitative case study approach was adopted where the data was collected through interviews, observations and documentary analysis. A number of key stakeholders (discussed in chapter three) were interviewed about their views of school discipline and their approach to maintain the discipline. The whole study revolves around Faris' (1996), view of discipline, as he argues, Today educators have moved away from trying to control students behaviour and instead focus on the teaching process to create, implement and maintain a classroom environment that supports learning The findings of the study indicate that there is a consistency in stakeholders expectations about what discipline is, and what discipline is for. The school has set certain rules and subsequent reward systems, which have been made known to stakeholders. The study further indicates that the school maintains discipline through: Empowering teachers and students by giving them leading responsibilities in various academic and co-curricular councils within the school and also supports students' learning by creating an appropriate learning environment. In addition, the school organizes professional development programmes for its staff and informs and involves parents in solving discipline- related problems in school. There is a monitoring and follow-up of the students' social skills. At classroom levels, the teachers have a pro-active approach to discipline. Lastly, the turnover of teachers, high ratio of students, especially in primary classes and some strict rules at pre-primary level, were found to be the challenging factors.
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تفسیر معارف القرآن کا تعارف و منہج

 ”تفسیر معارف القرآن جو کہ اردو میں ہے۔مفتی شفیع نے اس کا نام”خلاصہ تفسیر بھی نقل کیا ہے۔یعنی اس تفسیر میں جہاں اصطلاحی اور مشکل الفاظ آئے ہیں ان کو آسان لفظوں میں تبدیل کردیا ہے۔

 اور اگر کوئی مضمون مشکل تھا۔تو اس کو بھی یہاں سے الگ کر کے معارف ومسائل میں آسان لفظوں میں بیان کردیا ہے۔تاکہ اگر کوئی آدمی زیادہ دیکھ نہ سکے تو اس خلاصہ تفسیر سے کم از کم قرآن کا مفہوم سمجھ سکے۔ اس کے علاوہ معارف و مسائل پر اگر غور کیا جائے تو عبارت صرف ان کی اپنی ہے۔ لیکن مضامین سارے علماء سلف کی کسی تفسیر سے لیے گیے ہیں۔

جس کے حوالے ساتھ ہر جگہ لکھ دئیے ہیں،علماء کے لیے تفسیر قرآن میں سب سے پہلا اور اہم کام لغات کی تحقیق نحوی ترکیب، فن بلاغت کے نکات اور قرات کے اختلاف پر بحثیں ہیں جو ہر اہل علم کے لیے قرآن کو سمجھنے میں سنگ میل کی حیثیت رکھتے ہیں۔ اس کے زریعے قرآن کے صحیح مفہوم کو سمجھاجاسکتا ہے۔ لیکن عوام کے علاوہ بہت سے اہل علم بھی ان تفصیلات میں الجھے ہوتے ہیں۔حالانکہ قرآن کا اہم مقصد صرف رب رحیم کے ساتھ مضبوط تعلق ہے۔ اور اس کے نتیجے میں مادی تعلقات اعتدال پر آجائیں اور دنیا سے زیادہ آخرت کی فکر پیدا ہو۔

تفسیر”معارف القرآن“میں عوام کی سہولت کے پیش نظر ان بحثوں کی تفصیل نہیں لکھی گئی ہے۔ بلکہ آئمہ تفسیر کے اقوال سے جو جمہور کے نزدیک راجح ہے۔اس کے مطابق تفسیر لی ہے اور اس میں ایسے مباحث علمیہ کو بھی چھوڑ دیا گیا ہے۔جو عوام کے لیے غیر ضروری ہے۔ اور دوسری مستند و معتبر تفاسیر سے بہت سے ایسے مضامین کو بھی نقل کیا ہے۔جو انسان کے دل میں...

الحديث الضعيف وما يتعلق به من الأحكام

Legitimation among scholars, since they fall to category of hadith dho’if (weak). Therefrom, several scholars argued that we might use them for hujjah mutlaq (absolute argumentation), while some others said it might be wiser not to use them at all. Yet there is also another opinion which said it could be used under special conditions. Based on this, this study aims to uncover and shed light the disagreements above scientifically, as well as to find he differences and the influence of the jurisprudence of law-making (fiqh). Then, the researchers sought to raise a strong opinion based on the arguments presented in the thesis, so which the researchers and or anyone who wants to practice the Hadith may find helpful.

Synthesis, Characterization, Pharmacological and Toxicological Perspectives of Metal Complexes of Various Drugs

Generally speaking, many drugs acquire modified toxicological and pharmacological properties when they are in the form of metal complexes. The metals and their compounds have been used for medical applications throughout history. It was not until the 20th century the metal complexes began to be screened systematically for medicinal properties and the concept gained huge enhancement after the approval of Cisplatin, platinum containing anticancer drug. Working on metal complexes of already approved drugs can substantially reduce the time and money spent in clinical development. Seven Series of Copper, Zinc, Iron, Antimony, tri- and diorganotin (IV) metal complexes were synthesized by using stoichiometric amounts of various drugs. Drugs were selected from various categories in order to study their effect on the biological assay. Drugs used were Nimesulide, Ribavirin, Piracetam, Tizanidine, Cimetidine, Gliclazide, Acyclovir and Ceftriaxone. Taking in account the most commonly used NSAIDs, antibiotics and antivirals groups but the selection made was, due to the availability of the drugs and their structure’s that allowed metal coordination. FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR analysis were used for the structural assignment of the synthesized complexes. The results obtained from different analytical techniques confirmed the formation of the metal complexes. The purity of the synthesized complexes was justified by elemental analysis. All the synthesized complexes were screened for antibacterial and antifungal analysis, against medically important bacteria and fungi. Overall some of the synthesized metal complexes showed higher activity than the standard. The Toxicological activities of the synthesized complexes were studied through MTT and FRET Melting assay. In general, the copper and zinc complexes showed remarkable activity compared to organotin, iron and antimony complexes. The results of the activities of the synthesized complexes suggested that these synthesized metal complexes may be used in chemotherapy as well as bactericidal and fungicidal agents in future.