اردو ناول میں پس ماندگی کے مظاہر
حالیہ دور میں اردو ناول لکھنے والے چند ادیبوں نے اس بات کو ضروری سمجھا اور اس ضرورت کو محسوس کیا کہ پس ماندہ طبقہ کے مسائل کو منظر عام پر لایا جائے اور اردو ناول میں پس ماندگی کے مظاہر کو اجاگر کیا جائے۔ایک لمبے عرصے سے ناول کی ایک ہی تعریف چلی آرہی ہے کہ:It is a vheicle of social critism ۔اور میرے نزدیک یہ تعریف کئی لحاظ سے ادھوری ہے کیونکہ ہم معاشرے پر لکھتے ہوئے اسکے تمام عوامل کو نہیں لکھ سکتے۔ہم ہر بات پر قلم اٹھا سکتے ہیں لیکن پھر بھی کچھ حالات ایسے ہیں جن کی پہنچ ہمارے نزدیک مشکل ہے اندر کے حالات الگ بھی ہو سکتے ہیں۔ہماری سوچ کے مطابق حالات کو ہم جزوی شکل تو ضرور دے سکتے ہیں لیکن حتمی نہیں۔
ناول کی تعریف کو وسعت دینا ہوگی تاکہ زندگی گزرے اور آئندہ زمانے میں بھی اپنے ساتھ پیش آنے والے تمام واقعات کوپیش کرسکے ، ہر ناول کے فکری جائزے کی ایک اصل صورت سامنے آسکے۔یہ بات بھی درست ہے کہ جذبات و احساسات کی ایک حد ہوتی ہے جس سے وہ آگے نہیں نکل پاتے لیکن یہ بھی غلط نہیں کہ ناول نے ہی ایسے طوفانوں کا سامنا کیا ہے۔جو معاشرے کی چھپی ہوئی غلطیوں ،کمیوں سے پردہ اٹھانے میں کامیاب رہا ہے۔
ناول کی یہ تعریف ادھوری اس لیے بھی ہے کہ ہمارا ناول نگار اس بات پر ایمان لے آیا ہے۔ افسانے کی کہانی کو دس گناہ زیادہ طول دے دیا جائے تو وہ ناول بن جاتا ہے۔گزشتہ ستر سال سے یہ تعریف اس قدر راسخ ہو چکی ہے کہ اب یہ تعریف گھر کر گئی ہے کہ جابجا مکالموں...
The linguist poet of the ambassador of Dehli literary society, Nwab Mirza Khan Dagh does not need any preamble. Iqbal accepted some artistic impacts of Mirza Dagh.He is a romantic poet but he was also effected by revolution of 1857.He narrated the cultural defeat in his poetry. We also can find the cultural defeat in Iqbal’s poetry as well. Iqbal paid tribute to Mirza Dagh at his death with deep grief and in an impressive way.
As an artist, the use of developed language precision continuity and idiomatic phrases is Dagh’s distinctive style, the same style of Mirza Dagh is also available in his Nautiya poetry. Although it is not recognition of Dagh but his style is striking researchable. We can also come across the technical effects of his Nautiya style in Iqbal’s poetry. Iqbal has also saluted to his artistic climax. In this article the effort has been accomplished to explain Mirza Dagh’s impacts on Iqbal
Keywords: Allama Iqbal, Mirza Dagh, Na‘at, poetry Praise of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) cause infection in avian species including both poultry and non-poultry worldwide. It is an extremely contagious disease also affecting vaccinated birds. Newcastle disease (ND) is endemic in Pakistan, viruses of sub-genotype VIIi in genotype VII, and sub-genotype VIg and Vim in genotypes VI of class II is continually effecting the pigeons and poultry production facilities. The identification and characterization of these viruses in poultry and non-poultry species is necessary in order to create realistic strategies for preventing and controlling NDV outbreaks. Genotype VI are also termed as pigeon paramyxoviryus-1, are frequently isolated and cause disease from the columbidae family. In this study, two PPMV-1 strains isolated from outbreaks in Lahore district were characterized by pathotypically, genotypically and detailed clinicopathologic assessment. The intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) values for pigeon/Pak/Lahore/SA_1/2017 and pigeon/Pak/Lahore/SA_2/2017 were 1.51 and 1.52 respectively. The complete genome analysis based on full F gene coding sequences of two pigeon origin isolates from Lahore in 2017, along with previously published NDV strains available in GenBank was conducted. Analysis of F gene showed clustering of the isolates with genotype VI g and VI m. The genetic distance and phylogenetic analysis showed comparison with class II genotypes including vaccine strains. Both the strains were up to 10% genetically distant from LaSota (genotype II) isolate. Additionally, when compared for nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence comparison several mutations were observed. The analysis of F and HN gene functional domains and receptor sites displayed conserved and mutated sequences. Results of genome analysis suggested that PPMV-1 isolates had antigenic variations from vaccine strain LaSota. For histopathological examination pigeon groups were challenged with pi/Lhr/SA_1/17 and pi/Lhr/SA_2/17 strains. Although severe clinical signs were not observed but microscopic results revealed lesions in multiple tissues from selected organs. Though limited data is available in Pakistan, this study will assist in introducing new control strategies and preventive measures for PPMV-1 outbreaks.