مولوی احتشام علی ندوی
افسوس ہے کہ ۲۰؍ رمضان المبارک کو مولوی احتشام علی ندوی اچانک چل بسے، ان کی تعلیم دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء میں ہوئی، وہ مولانا عبدالسلام قدوائی ندوی مرحوم کے چہیتے شاگردوں میں تھے، انہی کے ایما سے جامعہ ملیہ میں داخلہ لیا، مولانا عبدالسلام صاحب نے لکھنؤ میں ادارۂ تعلیمات اسلام کی داغ بیل ڈالی تو اس کی تشکیل میں یہ بھی ان کے معاون رہے اور ان کی نگرانی میں صحابہ کرام کے حالات میں مختصر اور عام فہم بعض کتابچے لکھے۔
دارالمصنفین سے ان کا تعلق دو بار رہا، پہلی دفعہ وہ مولانا عبدالسلام قدوائی کے ساتھ آئے اور محاسب کی ذمہ داری سنبھالی، ان کے انتقال کے بعد انہوں نے بھی یہاں سے تعلق منقطع کرلیا، تاہم دارالمصنفین سے ان کے لگاؤ میں کمی نہیں آئی جناب سید صباح الدین صاحب مرحوم کے انتقال کے بعد پھر وہ دارالمصنفین تشریف لائے اور پریس کی نگرانی اور دوسرے انتظامی امور ان کو سپرد کئے گئے لیکن اس دفعہ ان کی صحت خراب رہنے لگی۔ دو تین برس سے کمزوری بہت بڑھ گئی تھی اور ضعف بصر کی شکایت بھی ہوگئی تھی۔ ان کا انتقال دارالمصنفین ہی میں ہوا، مگر تدفین ان کے وطن رحیم آباد میں ہوئی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ درجات بلند کرے اور اہلیہ و اعزہ کو صبرِ جمیل عطا کرے آمین!
(ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جنوری ۲۰۰۰ء)
Ijtihad is not an ordinary matter, but an important and sensible religious responsibility from Sharia’h perspective. That is why, Islam does notpermits everyone to indulge in, rather imposes some pre-requisites of widespread knowledge, penetrating insight, intellectual wisdom and similar ext ra ordinary capabilities, without which Ijtihad is deemed as unacceptable and unauthentic. Similarly, any such so-called Ijtihad is also worthless which is not based on knowledge and argument. Several threats have been mentioned in Ahadith on such types of Ijtihad. However, acceptable and reward earning Ijtihad is one which is based on knowledge and arguments, fulfilling all pre-requisite conditions for the task. The essential conditions for indulging in Ijtihad are: expertise in Arabic language, deep understanding of Quran and Sunnah, knowledge of principles of Islamic jurisprudence especially analogy (Qayas), God-gifted intellect and wisdom, know- how about demands of contemporary age, knowledge about demanding situation for making Ijtihad, its procedure and about Shariah perspectives in this regard, and piousness. These conditions are agreed upon with consensus. Besides, there are some conditions which arouse difference of opinion, e.g. Knowledge of Usul-e-Deen, Logics, and particular problems of Islamic jurisprudence, etc. Some scholars consider them amongst essential conditions for Ijtihad, while rest majority do not deem them as necessary. Allama Shatibi, in his individual opinion contradicting to that of majority, has allowed for non-Muslims also to do Ijtihad. However, majority of scholars opine that Islam is the first pre-requisite condition for the task, hence non-Muslim is not capable for that.
Pakistan is the fourth country which provides milk at large scale where goat population is increasing day by day. Milk is the primary need of every home today. It is also a product on which bacteria attack very soon. It was hypothesized that quality of milk is not pure nowadays in Pakistan especially in milk producing areas.
The aim of this study was checking the quality of goat milk from different places in district Muzaffargarh and the difference in calculation of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus),Escherichia coli (E.coli), Bacillus cereus (B.cereus), Klebsellia pneumoniea (K.pneumoniea) and Salmonella typhi (S.typhi) between standard plate count method and direct plate count method. Milk samples were collected from district Muzaffargarh. Some strategies were followed in this research plan. The quality parameters were clot on boiling, alcohol perception test and organoleptic test. These parameters were used to decide and observe the quality of milk in very short time. The fastidious S.aureus, E.coli, B.cereus, K.pneumoniea and S.typhi were focused in this study. S.aureus, E.coli, B.cereus, K.pneumoniea and S.typhi were detected and isolated from milk samples of goat. S.aureus, E.coli, B.cereus, K.pneumoniea and S.typhi were cultured in different nutrient agar media. The standard plate count method and direct microscopic method were applied to count down the number of S.aureus, E.coli, B.cereus, K.pneumoniea and S.typhi. It was concluded that alcohol perception and clot on boiling gave 34% and 24.5% positives results. On the other hand in organoleptic test, smell, appearance, colour, consistency and temperature gave 7%, 14.5%, 23%, 38% and 20% positive results. S.aureus, E.coli, B.cereus, K.pneumoniea and S.typhi generated the bar at 8%, 14%, 17%, 21% and 5% positive results respectively. It was also concluded that standard plate counting is much precise method as compared to the direct microscopic counting method. These results were organized in SPSS software or excel sheet.