فلسفۂ اخلاق کی تشکیل نو اور سیرت طیبہ میں اس کی نظریاتی بنیادیں

Reformation of Moral Philosophy and its Foundation in Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) Though, the twenty first century is passing through a great development in the field of science, intellect, education and technology, human beings seem spiritually and ethically in a more miserable condition day by day. We observe inflation in the problems and complications regarding their solutions in human societies with every passing day. Today’s man is highly engaged in universe and its enquiry, we are developing knowledge and physical efforts for taking control over all phenomena of universe, but in this effort, we lost our capability of good values and ethics mostly. In such conditions, the one and only personality, the Ambassador of peace, beloved Muhammad ﷺ is the source of guidance, by whom the spirit of a man could meet with peace and stability. But the solution of this major problem never can be just adopting his ethical teachings and the rejection of bad actions. If so, then the thousands of past writings about the issue have brought the revolution already on the face of the earth. Modern philosophy of ethics and Morality is based upon the concept of relativity as “Good” or “bad” is not universal truth at all. For this reason, it is less effective in terms of practicality. The roots of philosophical concepts we find in the teachings of Prophet’s Muhammad (ﷺ). Have no enigmas and ambiguity Morality. Promoting the prophetic philosophy of Ethics and Morality can change the behavior of man automatically rather than forcefully. In this article, effort has been made to critically analyze the modern Moral philosophy in the light of Sῑrah of the Holy Prophetﷺ. Analytical and critical research methodology is adopted in this study.

New Synthetic Strategies Using Alkynes and Propargylic Amines for the Preparation of Azaheterocyclic and Non-Cyclic Compounds

Combining simple organic substrates through single step multicomponent reactions to build up complex compounds with potential therapeutic and synthetic applications has enormously been evolved in the previous decades. Adopting this strategy, a library of trisubstituted propargylamines was synthesized by the condensation of aldehydes, amines and terminal alkynes. Zn(II) triflate was found to be the catalyst of choice amongst a number of many Lewis acids tested during optimization. Toluene was proved to be best solvent to carry out this reaction. After finding best reaction conditions a variety of aldehydes, amines and alkynes were utilized to furnish the tri-substituted propargylamines. In case of aldehydes; tert-butyraldehyde, iso-butyraldehyde, nbutyraldehyde and benzaldehydes were successfully incorporated while in case of amines, not only primary but also secondary and tertiary amines even t-butyl amine were well tolerated under developed conditions. Variety of alkynes both aromatic (with electron withdrawing such as Cl, Br, and F, as well as electron donating groups such as CH3 and OCH3) and aliphatic worked well to deliver expected products in good yields. In continuation of broadening the scope of this methodology and as an application of aldehyde, amine and alkyne condensation, incorporation of carbazole-3-formaldehyde was carried out. After optimization of various catalysts, reaction conditions and solvents it was found that CuBr is the most efficient catalyst for condensation of Nalkylcarbazole- 3-carbaldehyde, amines and alkynes in acetonitrile or under solvent free conditions. Under the optimized conditions N-octyl, N-butyl and N-ethyl carbazole-3-carbaldehyde were condensed with a variety of amines and alkynes to deliver a range of carbazolyl decorated propargylamines. Regarding primary aliphatic amines; n-propalamine, npentylamine and benzalamine were successfully incorporated. In case of anilines both bearing electron withdrawing as well as electron donating groups such as 3-Me, 4-Me, 4- Et, 4-Cl, 4-Br, 4-OMe and 4-OH were utilized. Only in case of 4-methoxyaniline instead of expected product, a side product was obtained with elimination of aniline group. Similarly a range of pheneylacetylenes both with electron withdrawing as well as electron iii donating groups were well tolerated. The structures of all new compounds were determined and confirmed by spectroscopic methods. Further, one-pot reaction of N-alkylcarbazole-3-carbaldehydes with amines and thioglycolic acid (TGA) was carried out, which resulted in the formation of selectively 2- carbazolyl-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ones. The scope of reaction was tested by utilizing various N-substituted carbazolaldehyde, primary and secondary amines which were successfully condensed with TGA to deliver expected carbazolylthiazolidinones in good to moderate yield. Finally, one-pot three-component reaction involving aldimines, alkynes and thiocyanates to densely-functionalized 5-benzylidene thiazolidin-2-imines was also discovered. Although reaction could not beoptimized starting from aldehydes, amines and alkynes but starting from preformed imines, alkynes and thioisocyanates, the expected thiazolidins could be achieved under optimized conditions. For this reaction zinc chloride proved to be catalyst of choice from all other metal salts which were tested. Dimethylformamide was best solvent and under optimized conditions a variety of Schiff bases and terminal alkynes were successfully reacted with various phenyl isothiocyanates to furnish corresponding thiazolidin-2-imines in excellent yields. The possibility of formation of 4-benzylidine imidazolidine-2-thiones in this reaction was ruled out by 13C-NMR spectroscopy and finally by single crystal analysis. While exploring the substrate scope with respect to N-substituents of Schiff bases, it was realized that primary amines such as n-propyl, n-pentyl and N-benzyl group were well tolerated while N-ter-butyl group did not afford the expected product. In case of alkynes both with electron donating as well as electron withdrawing groups such as 2-methyl, 4- methyl, 4-ethyl, 4-methoxy, 4-chloro, 4-bromo and 4-fluoro-2-methyl showed good reactivity. In case of isothiocyanates it was observed that those with electron withdrawing groups, for instance 4-chloro and 4-fluoro furnished corresponding thiazolidin-2-imines with high yield as compare to those bearing mild electron donating groups such as 2-Me, 4-Me, 4-Et and strong electron donating group such as 4-methoxy isothiocyanate. The structures of all new compounds were determined and confirmed by spectroscopic methods.