اسلام میں امن اور دہشت گردی کا تصور: ایک علمی اور تحقیقی جائزہ

Islam is the religion of peace as is evident from the very meaning of  the word Islam which is derived from root word \" salam\" meaning peace and obedience. The advent of Islam has been a pannaca for all humanity and, ever since its inception, it has the distinction of contributing more and more to the betterment and progress of humanity. Its statute is crystal clear over all religions and systems. But unfortunately, there has been a systematic campaign to present Islam as a religion of violence. The  orientalists who tend  to misinterpret Islam by relying on some injunctions without looking into their specific context. The international media, under the influence of Jews, is also spreading a false propaganda. Moreover, certain elements with in Islamic world are also providing ample opportunity for the same. In such circumstances there is a dire  need to present the true spirit of Islam but such attempts are lacking in the Muslim world despite that it is one  of the major concern, This research paper is an attempt to present Islam in its true spirit in light of holy Quran and Sunnah. It is hoped that it would pave way for further research in the field.

Exploring and Understanding the Culture of a ‘Moving’ School in the Context of Pakistan Through Critical Incident Analysis

Recently, culture has become the focus of many school improvement endeavours. Yet, only a few schools seem to be aware of the strong influence of culture on school improvement. Change in culture has been known to change a stuck school to a ‘moving’ school. To explore and understand the culture and its relationship with school improvement, this study was conducted in one of those ‘moving’ schools in Karachi, Pakistan. Within the qualitative paradigm, a neo research approach analysis of critical incidents was used. The incidents were identified through observations, and interpreted and classified through interviews, informal talk and discussions. Data was coded according to the research questions, regarding the values, beliefs, processes, and relationships that were reflected through these incidents and how they contributed to the school improvement efforts. Findings from the study showed that the school highly values and believes in students’ holistic development, shared leadership, life long learning and collaboration among all its members. The school believes that it is responsible not only for the academic development but also for the holistic development of students, specifically for developing disciplined and responsible individuals. The school believes that maximum involvement and collaboration among the stakeholders greatly contributes towards the successful implementation of the school improvement efforts. The school has a loose hierarchical structure, which follows a partially democratic and a partially autocratic culture. The on going school improvement efforts aim to move the school from conformity of authority to decentralization, from schooling to learning, from traditional school to a learning community and from individualism to collaboration. The findings from the study suggest a close but complex relationship between school culture and school improvement. The school’s vision, which comprises a mixture of all the values mentioned above, guided the school improvement efforts, which, in turn, started changing the existing culture. The initiatives started from within the school kept the stakeholders motivated and committed to accomplish their vision. During the process of initiation and implementation, the school continuously worked on mutual adaptation of the school culture. However, the initiatives are still considered as something new. To ensure sustainability, the school is engaged in activities like: eliminating competing and contradictory practices, establishing links with other change efforts, specifically to the curriculum and classroom teaching, and developing local facilitators for skills training.