شاہی قلعہ
شاہی قلعہ کے یہ کھنڈرات پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کی ظلم و جبر کے خلاف ایک طویل جان گسل جد وجہد کی یاد دلاتے ہیں ۔کامریڈ امتیاز خان جو کہ لندن میں رہتے ہیں راولپنڈی میں محلے دار ہونے کے ساتھ ساتھ شاہی قلعہ میںبھی ہمسایہ تھے پاکستان گئے تو چند تصایر پوسٹ کر کے پرانی تلخ مگر خوبصورت یادیں تازہ کر دیں دن کو اگر یہ شاہی قلعہ تشدد مارپیٹ کی آوزوں سے گونجتا تھا تو شام ہوتے ہی ترانوں گانوں اور باتوں کی محفلیں سج جاتیں ۔جیالے پنجاب بھر سے گرفتار کر کے لائے جاتے رہے آخر شاہی قلعہ کے سیل کم پڑگئے تو 20نئے سیل بنانے پڑ گئے بہت سو کو تو لال قلعہ لاہور منتقل کیا گیا ۔اب سنا ہے کہ عقوبت خانوں کا یہ حصہ گر ا دیا گیا لیکن میں سمجھتا ہوںکہ اسے دوبارہ تعمیر ہو نا چاہیے کہ آنے والی نسلوں کو بتا سکیں کہ مارشل لا ء کے خاتمہ اور جمہوریت کے لیے جنگ لڑنے والوں کو کہاں اور کیسے رکھا جاتا تھا ۔
In the contemporary world whereas the family life is facing so many problems rather there is most important issue and that is the family life which is breaking rapidly. From the last two decades the trend of broken families has grown up to a dangerous level. This situation creates many problems for divorced women in Pakistan. Whereas the social problems are full of countless bitters for women and her families and the legislative problems are full of economical, social, physical, psychological and emotional stress. This situation becomes unforgettable and the worst tragedy of life. The struggle of divorcee for survival their rights becomes an uncompensated sin or crime which is an extremely painful process. In this paper the legislative problems of divorced women will be presented according to the statistics which have been collected from the divorced women.
Cognitiveradionetworks(CRNs)havegainedatremendousinterestintheresearch community, as they tend to solve the existing and future issues of frequency spectrum scarcity by exploiting the spectrum holes in underutilized licensed and unlicensed frequency bands, thereby, improving the spectrum utilization. The number of channels in a Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) always varies with time and location as compared to legacy wireless networks with fixed number of radio channels. This variability of available channels in cognitive radio networks has brought new design challenges in MediumAccessControl(MAC)protocolsandhasledtotheneedformostefficientand reliable MAC protocols in a CRN that can sustain under variable network conditions. Thesharingofdiscoveredspectrumholesamongthecontendingsecondaryusers(SUs) increases the overall spectrum utilization; however, the utilization of these discovered spectrum holes within the CRN depends on the access mechanism of SUs. In random access, waste of these spectrum holes would occur due to collisions and un-attempted slots by SUs. Therefore, optimal use of these discovered holes with minimum or no waste is desirable in an efficient CRN. A self- organizing collision-free MAC protocol isproposedforthedistributedCRNthatismoreefficientinspectrumsharingbyavoiding collisions and maximally utilizing un-attempted slots during access phase, thus increasing the spectrum utilization and throughput. This is achieved by organizing and queuing the active SUs through a timer value and directing them in an orderly fashion to use the discovered holes. Finding holes from the underutilized portion of spectrum at varying times and locations is the most important function in CRNs. This requires efficient sensing policy at the MAC layer that can discover more idle channels in minimal time. Spectrum sensing policies for searching idle channels from the underutilized primary band can significantly affect the performance of SUs in terms of throughput, reliability and en ergy efficiency. The sensing policy depends on the channel sensing order that decides how SUs sense the primary user band in minimal period of time. A cooperative parallel sensing scheme with sequential channel selection order is proposed as part of the MAC protocol, which can discover all the free channels in the primary user band in minimal time. The proposed scheme has been analyzed for the number of channels sensedandthenumberofidlechannelsdiscovered. Furthermore,energyefficiencyand throughput of the proposed scheme have also been evaluated. The results show considerable improvement for the proposed scheme as compared to the random channel spectrum sensing schemes prevalent in adhoc CRNs. The work in this thesis has aimed to improve spectrum management by adopting new spectrum sensing policies and improvingspectrumsharingbyself-organizingthecognitiveusersforcollisionfreeaccess in adhoc CRN MAC protocols.