روایاتِ اسباب النزول کے تفسیری ادب پر اثرات کا جائزہ

Sabab al-Nuzūl (cause of revelation) in Qur'anic studies means the time, context, cause, and the situation in which Allah has revealed verses. Cause of revelation has an important role in the interpretation of Qur’ān. Nevertheless, most of the verses and suras of Qur’ān are revealed independent of events, these verses are revealed to fulfill the general aim of Waḥī which is the guidance of people. Such knowledge is an invaluable tool for grasping the meaning of this type of Qur’ānic verse. Many Muslim scholars consider the studying of Asbāb alNuzūl and their related discussions as necessary. Some exegetes have written books studying the subject. The earliest and the most important work in this genre is undoubtedly Kitab Asbāb al-Nuzūl (Book of Occasions of Revelation) of ‘Alī bin Aḥmad al-Wāḥidī (d. 1075 CE). Another important work is by al-Suyūṭī (d. 1505 CE) which is a slight improvement of al-Wāḥidī’s book. In this paper descriptive method and comparative study are used to analysis traditions of revelation and their effects on Tafsīr literature. This paper proves the value of the causes of revelation in Qur’ānic Interptation and their effects on Tafsīr Literature, so that verification and authencity of traditions of causes of revelation are mandatory for Tafsīr.

Some Exact Solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell Field Equations in Spherical Geometry

In this thesis, the aim is to present some new classes of non–static and static, spherically symmetric solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell field equations representing compact objects with negative pressure. Throughoutthisthesisthespace–timegeometryisspherical,theradial pressure is negative, and the matter density equals the negative value of the radial pressure (either it is considered or it comes out as a consequence of the calculations). Several non–static solutions are found by taking an ansatz for the components of the metric tensor and on thesquareofelectricfieldintensity. Thesolutionsareshowntosatisfy physical boundary conditions associated with the exact solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell field equations. Due to negative pressure, these solutions can model physical systems such as expanding compact objects containing negative pressure. Petrov and Segr´e classifications that these obtained solutions admit are also discussed in detail. Two staticsolutionsofthefieldequationsarealsoobtainedwiththeansatz similar to that for the non–static cases in order to have a look how the solutions behave for these kind of ansatz in static geometry. All the physicalconditionsareshowntobesatisfiedforthestaticsolutionsand itisshownthatthesesolutionsdescribecompactobjectswithnegative pressure.