اعتناء المستشرقين بالواقدي وكتابه المغازي دراسة تحليلية

Muhammad ibn ‘Umr Al-W฀qid฀ is considered to be one of the most famous early Muslim historians. Despite being disputed among the circle of Muhaddith฀n, he was popular among the early Muslim historians. He got recognition and fame as a historian in the 2nd half of 2nd century of Hijrah. In fact, he was an outstanding historian who introduced new trends in writing and composition of historic narratives. The early Muslim historians cited and quoted Al-W฀qid฀ freely where they needed him without any kind of reluctance. It is well to know that western orientalists pay special attention to AlW฀qid฀ and his book "Al-Magh฀z฀ ". Perhaps it is not due to their biasness or impartiality, but for the excellent work of Al-W฀qid฀. In this regard, they think that Al-W฀qid฀ is more accurate and clear in giving details and judgments about historical events than any other early Muslim historian. Al-W฀qid฀ 's dating of historical events is more acute and correct. He owns what he produces and narrates. Moreover, he seems to be sensitive and aware of consequences of what he writes in his book " Al-Magh฀z฀ ", that is why we see him sometime indulging in some issues extra-ordinarily and proving and disproving what he thinks right or wrong by logical (internal and external) criticism. Al-W฀qid฀ explores historical events and tries to know about root causes of their happening and finally analyzes their consequences. These are some special qualities of Al-W฀qid฀ 's work in the eyes of western orientalists. In this article, I have tried to highlight these aspects of Al-W฀qid฀ 's work from the oriental literature.

Management Practices to Enhance Yield and Quality of Autumn Potato Solanum Tuberosum L. Crop

Three experiments were conducted at Horticulture Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during autumn seasons in 2014-15 and repeated in 2015-16. The first experiment on planting depth (10, 15 and 20 cm), planting dates (October 01, 15 and 29) with mulch and without mulch (control) using potato as test crop was conducted at field conditions. Results indicated that maximum emergence (%), aerial stems plant-1, number of leaves plant-1, number of small size tubers plant-1, number of medium size tubers plant-1, number of large size tubers plant-1, total tuber yield (t ha-1), marketable tuber yield (t ha-1), and dry matter content (%) were recorded during 2015 as compared to 2014. Maximum physiological disorders (%) and survival (%) were noted during 2014-15. Delay sowing promoted number of small size tubers plant-1, while plant height, number of leaves plant-1, medium size tubers plant-1, large size tubers plant-1, total tuber yield (t ha-1), marketable tuber yield (t ha-1), dry matter content (%) and starch content (%) were higher at early sowing and decreased with delay in sowing. Delay sowing also increased mortality of plants. The effect of planting depth was also significant. Planting depth of 15 cm significantly increased emergence (%), number of aerial stems plant-1, plant height (cm), number of leaves plant-1, number of medium size tubers plant-1, large size tubers plant-1, total tuber yield (t ha-1), marketable tuber yield (t ha-1), while number of small size tubers plant-1 was lower in 15 cm depth. Mulching significantly increased emergence (%), number of aerial stems plant-1, plant height (cm), number of leaves plant-1, number of medium size tubers plant-1, large size tubers plant-1, total tuber yield (t ha-1), marketable tuber yield (t ha-1), dry matter content (%) and starch content but decreased in number of small size tubers plant-1. As for as interactions are concerned majority of the yield and quality parameters showed best results in early sown plants (October, 01) at a depth of 15 cm with mulching than late sown plants at 20 cm depth without mulching. The second experiment was “to study the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) (0, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mML-1) on production and quality of autumn potato crop sown at different dates as mentioned above. Concerning sowing dates, early planting produced maximum plant height (cm), number of leaves plant-1, number of medium size tubers plant-1, number of large size tubers plant-1, total tuber yield (t ha-1), marketable tuber yield (t ha-1), survival (%), dry matter content (%) and starch content (%). Salicylic acid (SA) @ 1.5 mML-1 significantly increased number of leaves plant-1, number of medium size tubers plant-1, number of large size tubers plant-1, total tuber yield (t ha-1), marketable tuber yield (t ha-1), survival (%), dry matter content (%) and starch content (%), with decreased in number of small size tubers plant-1. Interaction between swing dates and SA revealed that early sowing with the application of 1.5 mML-1 SA have significantly increased all the yield and quality parameters.