شیخ ابن تیمیہ کےاصولی تفردات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ An Analytical Study of the Ibn-e-Teymiyah’s Usooli Distinctions

The very existence of theology was a prelude to the competition of philosophy and the support of religion. Other religions, for the sake of legitimacy of their religion, have been raising objections to Islam in all respects. The mixture of nations, non-Arab influences, the negligent rhetoric of scholars and shaykhs, and the erroneous beliefs and practices of the people were tarnishing the clean face of Islam. In the time of Ibn Taymiyyah, there was an emphasis on theology. Theologians specialize in their knowledge and art of rationalism and logic. Their method consisted of reasoning and inference, rational and logical proofs. In contrast to them, the Hanbalis were holding the line of reasoning from the apparent meaning of verses and hadiths and texts. In the case of debates and debates, the weight of the theologians would be heavy and the opponent would be considered ignorant. Ibn Taymiyyah paid homage to the authenticity and supremacy of the Qur'an and Sunnah in such a way that he made critical commentary and analysis on philosophy and Greek logic and reasoned weaknesses and errors. One-half or two-thirds of his total writing services on the subject of speech and logic. This shows that Ibn Taymiyyah was feeling the need of defending Islam in this regard because in his time these sciences and arts had become very popular and common practice. The far-reaching effects of his thoughts and opinions in this regard have been felt in every age. The issues in which he has differed are the result of his research, jurisprudence and ijtihad, and constant reflection. The basis and foundation of which is the Quran and Sunnah, the interaction of companions and speculation. In these Ijtihad issues of hiss, there is a collection of arguments and proofs related to the Quran and Sunnah. In this article, an introductory and analytical study of Ibn Taymiyyah's fundamental differences will be presented.

Nanoformulation of Selected Medicinal Plants to Enhance Their Cardioprotective Potential

The present research work was designed to increase the bioavailability and cardioprotective potential of three important medicinal plants (Curcuma longa, Ginkgo biloba and Coriandrum sativum). This project was divided into different phases. In first phase of study, nanosuspensions of selected medicinal plants were prepared by choosing an appropriate stabilizer. Formulation conditions of nanosuspensions were optimized with response surface methodology. In second phase of study, optimized nanosuspensions of plants extract were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In third phase of study, in-vitro drug release and pharmacokinetics of coarse and optimized nanosuspensions of plants extract were evaluated. In fourth phase of study, comparative bioactivities (cardioprotective potential, thrombolytic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities) of coarse and nanosuspensions of plants were determined. Results of stabilizer screening selected sodium lauryl sulphate (stabilizer) for the preparation of nanosuspensions of selected plants. Optimized nanosuspensions of C. longa, G. biloba and C. sativum were prepared with mean particle size of 85.41 nm, 139.5 nm and 72.08 nm respectively. AFM also confirmed that particle sizes of all optimized nanosuspensions were in nanosize-range. FTIR analysis showed interaction between C. longa and stabilizer and no-interaction between other studied plants and stabilizer. In-vitro drug release and pharmacokinetics study revealed greater dissolution and bioavailability of optimized nanosuspensions of plants in comparison to their coarse suspensions/extracts. Nanosuspensions of plants showed better cardioprotective potential with reduced dose as compared to their coarse suspensions. In preventive mode of treatment, four-fold greater doses of coarse suspension of C. longa, G. biloba and double dose of coarse suspension of C. sativum were required to normalize the salbutamol elevated levels of cardiac enzymes and lipids in comparison to their nanosuspensions. Antimicrobial, thrombolytic and antioxidant activities of plants were also enhanced in nanosuspension preparation. Moreover, optimized nanosuspensions were found fairly stable for a period of three months and cytotoxicity study revealed no harmful effects of formulated nanosuspensions.