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Coexistence Management in Wireless Networks

Thesis Info

Author

Ayesha Hasan

Supervisor

Bilal M. Khan

Department

Department of Electrical and Power Engineering

Program

MS

Institute

National University of Engineering and Technology

Institute Type

Private

Campus Location

PNEC

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Degree Starting Year

2018

Degree End Year

2022

Viva Year

2022

Thesis Completing Year

2022

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

82

Subject

Wireless Sensor Networks

Language

English

Added

2023-08-07 23:32:32

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1691507021172

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The rapid proliferation of wireless networks poses a great challenge to effective coexistence management amongst a plethora of wireless communication protocol users that are co-located and contending for the ever-scarce spectrum available. In particular, low-powered ad-hoc networks such as WSNs which are an integral part of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) landscape, will be highly susceptible to cross-technology interference. This jeopardizes the envisaged performance and reliability of IoT and IIoT applications comprising many safety and mission-critical applications. For effective spectrum utilization and optimum performance of existing wireless networks and the realization of new wireless networks, coexistence management of the wireless spectrum is the key to ensuring the optimal performance of multiple wireless networks operating in close proximity. We propose a two-step approach to attaining coexistence starting with wireless interference identification as spectrum awareness would be of keen importance in identifying concurrent transmission and subsequently applying suitable interference mitigation techniques to ensure coexistence and prevent communication blackout. Our work uses deep learning to identify the presence of WSN, WiFi and Bluetooth single-label signals. Furthermore, we aim to identify multi-label concurrent signal transmissions that are significant in the context of interference management. Moreover, a wireless coexistence management framework for WSNs is proposed which is an interference-aware and coexistence-friendly modification inspired by the WSN LEACH architecture that uses the proposed wireless interference identification for detection of the type of interference and the affected nodes. Depending upon the interference type, the coexistence framework assigns specific countermeasures that best counter the interference with good throughput and optimal energy consumption. In this work, we have proposed a coping mechanism against WiFi interference using an adaptive backoff time period and an in-depth study of the node interference levels
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عرضِ مصنف

بندہ ناچیز انتہائی ادب سے عرض گزار ہے کہ اللہ رب العزت نے ہمیں انسان بنایا اور اپنے پیارے محبوب کے دامن رحمت سے وابستہ فرمایا ۔ علاوہ ازیں بے شمار نعمتوں سے نوازا۔
ہمیں چاہیے کہ ہم اپنے رب کی عبادت کریں اور اس کے شکر گزار بندے بنیں۔ شریعت مطہرہ کے مطابق اپنی زندگی بسر کریں، لیکن ہم دین سے بہت دور ہوتے جارہے ہیں ۔ نفس کی خواہشات اور رسم و رواج کو بہت زیادہ اہمیت دیتے ہیںاور دین کے معاملہ بھی اپنی مرضی کرتے ہیں ۔ کسی نے کیا اچھا لکھا ہے:
جیویں پیارا راضی ہووے مرضی ویکھ سجن دی
جئے کر مرضی اپنی لوڑیں ایہہ گل کدے نہ بندی
جب کہ خدمت، ہمدردی ، درد دل کا جذبہ ہونا چاہیے ۔ علماء کا کام تو صرف بتادینا ہے عمل ہم نے کرنا ہے: ’’جیسا کریں گے ویسا بھریں گے‘‘ ۔ ذکر آتا ہے کہ بھگت کبیر کی جھونپڑی مذبح خانے کے پاس تھی ۔ جانور ذبح ہوتے وقت درد بھری آواز نکالتے تو آپ پریشان ہوکر کلی سے باہر آجاتے ۔ آخر آپ نے فرمایا :
کبیرا تیری جھونپڑی گل کٹیوں کے پاس
جو کرے سو بھرے توں کیوں رہے اداس
یہ دنیا کی زندگی بہت ہی مختصر ہے۔ سب کچھ یہیں چھوڑ کر چلے جانا ہے۔ کسی نے کیا خوب لکھا ہے:
اجڑ گئے وہ باغ جس کے لاکھوں مالی تھے
سکندر جب گیا دنیا سے دونوں ہاتھ خالی تھے
لکھیا چن چراغ نے سرفراز خان نوں:
کجھ کھا لیئے کجھ پی لیئے کچھ دے دیئے رحمان نوں
اتنا غرور نہیں چاہیے اس قبر دے مہمان نوں
چن چراغ میاں اس پینگ نے ٹٹ جاونا
ایہ جیہڑی چڑھی ہے اسمان نوں
اس زندگی کو کیوں نہ اللہ کی یاد میں...

Fiscal Decentralization and Gender Parity in Developing Asia

The traditional fiscal decentralization theorem claims that decentralized government can provide the goods and services at local level more efficiently. However, empirically it is still to explore that how fiscal decentralization affects gender parity. This study empirically investigates the impact of fiscal decentralization on gender parity in developing economies of Asia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Mongolia, Myanmar, Thailand and Turkey. The study used dynamic penal da ta technique namely system GMM over the period of 2006-2020. The multidimensionality of fiscal decentralization is captured through three measures of fiscal decentralization i.e. Expenditure decentralization, revenue decentralization and composite decentralization. Further, it also examines the complementarity between fiscal decentralization and control of corruption to increase the gender parity. The results of the analysis show that expenditure decentralization is increasing the gender parity in developing economies of Asia. Additionally, control of corruption is a necessary reform to get the desired fruits of fiscal decentralization. Countries must focus on corruption aspect of local governments in implementing the expenditure, revenue and composite decentralization.

Two to Nine Year Review of Breast Conservation Therapy Bct for Breast Carcinoma: Clinico-Pathological Features and Survival in a Single Centre in East Africa

Introduction: Breast conservation therapy compares to mastectomy in terms of overall survival and disease free survival. However it’s utilization in most parts of the sub-Sahara Africa is minimal with various factors cited: patient preference, provider preference and adverse effects of or limited access to radiation therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the clinico-pathological profile and outcomes of breast cancer patients treated with breast conservation therapy or mastectomy at a single referral centre. Methods: The Aga khan university hospital is one of the institutions in East Africa, where breast conservation therapy is practiced. We retrospectively analysed the details of breast cancer patients who underwent breast conservation therapy from the year 2008 to 2015 and compared this with patients who had undergone mastectomy during the same period. Results: Ninety one patients who had breast conservation therapy and 187 patients who underwent mastectomy were included in this study. The following factors were correlated with the type of surgery: age <35, 35-50, >51 years, parity, grade, stage, histological subtype, receptor status, neo-adjuvant therapy, adjuvant therapy and re-excision rate. The majority of patients, 38.1% (n=106) had stage II breast cancer. Although there was no stage to stage comparison between the breast conservation group and the mastectomy group, patients who had breast conservation were likely to be younger, with tumour grade I or III and luminal A molecular subtype. There was no significant correlation with being nulliparous, grade II tumours, having received neoadjuvant chemotherapy or re-excision rates. Patients who had mastectomy were likely to be older with grade II breast cancer and had adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion: The present study concluded that with proper pre-operative patient selection, breast conservation therapy has comparable clinico-pathological characteristics and outcomes to mastectomy.