دراسة قصيدة ياسالكا لمخدوم محمد هاشم التتوي رحمه الله: دراسة تحليلية وأدبية

The Poem “Ya Salikayah” is a collection of verses. Hazrat Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattavi has compiled it and the main thing is that he has compiled these verses by in keeping with the literature and eloquence and rules. Such a compilation is not just a matter of every ordinary person rather, this work can be done by a person who is well aware of the rules of making of poetry and verses. Hazrat Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattavi was well aware of these rules but he had mastered it. The thesis writer has described the expression style and thoughts of Hazrat Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattavi in his thesis and also tried to prove that Hazrat Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattavi had special kind of proficiency in Arabic despite he was Non-Arab which can be seen in his these verses. These verses show the special style of Hazrat Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattavi which thesis writer has proven and also proved that he has compiled this collection of verses in the best style. According to the research of thesis writer this poem is not still in the form of a book but in the form of a pen and paper format. And thesis writer has also tried to prove that the thoughts which are in these verses belong to Hazrat Makhdoom Thattavi himself. He used to shape thoughts into ideas before compiling these verses and then used to put his sincere poetry in it and compile it. It is estimated from these verses that it is affected when the audience hears and reads these verses.

Dna Based Identification of Aphid Species and Vector-Virus Association Analysis of Aphid Borne Luteovirus

Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are globally important crop pests and vectors of viral disease, but their identification is generally difficult because of their small size and inconspicuous morphological differences. Sequence variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI-5ʹ) gene (DNA barcode) has proven effective for the identification of species in many groups of insect pests and also in aphids. In this research, 728 aphids were collected from various plant hosts in north-central Pakistan, and identified and analyzed at COI barcode. Three species (Periphyllus lyropictus, Aphis nasturtii and Aphis astragalina) were reported for the first time in Pakistan. The Barcode Index Number (BIN) system assigned the 728 sequences to 52 BINs, while the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery detected 51 partitions, a count that coincided with the number of monophyletic lineages recognized by Neighbor-Joining analysis and Bayesian inference. Congeneric species showed an average of 7.26% sequence divergence (range = 0.2-10.32%) at COI, while intraspecific distances averaged 0.13 (ranged from 0-3.19%). BIN analysis suggested that specimens with intraspecific divergence >3.0% actually involved a species complex. In fact, sequences for three major pest species (Aphis gossypii, Sitobion avenae and Aphis craccivora) showed deep intraspecific divergences, providing evidence that each was a cryptic species complex. The study compiled the first barcode reference library for the aphids of Pakistan, and examined global haplotype diversity in six important Luteovirus vector aphid species. This study also examined the aphid-Luteovirus association considering the carrot mottle disease (CMD) which is caused by co-infection of Carrot red leaf virus (CtRLV), Carrot mottle virus (CMoV) and Carrot red leaf virus RNA (CtRLVaRNA), and transmitted by aphid, Cavariella aegopodii in a persistent, non-propagative manner. Myzus persicae is an important vector of many plant viruses but its involvement in the spread of CMD has not been documented. The current study determined the involvement of M. persicae in the transmission of virus complex, responsible for CMD, by transmission studies. M. persicae were exposed to the CMD-infected plants of chervil and then transferred to disease-free plants (chervil, fennel, celery, carrot, cilantro and parsley) of the family Apiaceae. Healthy plants infested with the xiii viruliferous M. persicae developed typical CMD symptoms. The transmission of respective viruses was confirmed through RT-PCR by amplifying the target genes with CtRLV-, CMoV- and CtRLVaRNA-specific primers. Sequence comparisons of the amplified virus genes with those in the GenBank showed high sequence diversity in the three components of the disease complex causing CMD both in amino acids and nucleotides.